Departments of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th St, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th St, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th St, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, GEC 149, One University Place, Rensselaer, Albany, NY, USA; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, GEC 149, One University Place, Rensselaer, Albany, NY, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Dec;243(Pt B):1629-1636. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.107. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
Experimental studies suggest that prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals interferes with developmental processes in the fetal brain. Yet, epidemiological evidence is inconclusive. In a birth cohort (2008-2010, upstate New York), we quantified concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and bisphenol A (BPA) in stored newborn dried blood spots using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Mothers reported on children's behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 7 (650 singletons and 138 twins). Difficulties in total behavior (i.e., emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems) and prosocial behavior were classified using validated cut-offs. We used logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to estimate the odds of having difficulties per exposure category. In total, 111 children (12.1%) had total behavioral difficulties and 60 (6.5%) had difficulties in prosocial behavior. The median (interquartile range) of PFOS, PFOA, and BPA were 1.74 ng/ml (1.33), 1.12 ng/ml (0.96), and 7.93 ng/ml (10.79), respectively. Higher PFOS levels were associated with increased odds of having behavioral difficulties (OR per SD of log PFOS = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.03-1.65). We observed associations between PFOS in the highest relative to the lowest quartile and behavioral difficulties (OR for PFOS = 1.65, 95%CI: 0.84-3.34; PFOS = 1.73, 95%CI: 0.87-3.43; and PFOS = 2.47, 95%CI: 1.29-4.72 compared to PFOS). The associations between higher concentrations of PFOS and behavioral difficulties at age 7 years were driven by problems in conduct and emotional symptoms. Higher PFOA levels were associated with difficulties in prosocial behavior (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.03-1.75). There was an inverse association between BPA concentrations and difficulties in prosocial behavior but only in the 2nd and 4th quartiles. We found no interactions between sex and chemical concentrations. Increasing prenatal exposure to PFOS and PFOA, as reflected in neonatal concentrations, may pose risk for child behavioral difficulties.
实验研究表明，产前暴露于内分泌干扰化学物质会干扰胎儿大脑的发育过程。然而，流行病学证据尚无定论。在一项出生队列研究中（2008-2010 年，纽约州北部），我们使用液相色谱/串联质谱法在储存的新生儿干血斑中定量测定全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）和双酚 A（BPA）的浓度。母亲们在孩子 7 岁时使用《长处与困难问卷》（Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire）报告孩子的行为。使用验证过的截断值对总行为（即情绪、行为、多动和同伴问题）和亲社会行为的困难进行分类。我们使用广义估计方程的逻辑回归来估计每个暴露类别的困难几率。共有 111 名儿童（12.1%）存在总行为困难，60 名儿童（6.5%）存在亲社会行为困难。PFOS、PFOA 和 BPA 的中位数（四分位距）分别为 1.74ng/ml（1.33）、1.12ng/ml（0.96）和 7.93ng/ml（10.79）。较高的 PFOS 水平与行为困难的几率增加有关（每标准差对数 PFOS 的比值比[OR]为 1.30，95%CI：1.03-1.65）。我们观察到 PFOS 在最高相对最低四分位值与行为困难之间存在关联（PFOS 的比值比为 1.65，95%CI：0.84-3.34；PFOS 的比值比为 1.73，95%CI：0.87-3.43；PFOS 的比值比为 2.47，95%CI：1.29-4.72，与 PFOS 相比）。7 岁时较高的 PFOS 浓度与行为困难之间的关联主要是由行为和情绪症状引起的。较高的 PFOA 水平与亲社会行为困难有关（OR=1.35，95%CI：1.03-1.75）。BPA 浓度与亲社会行为困难呈负相关，但仅在第 2 四分位和第 4 四分位。我们没有发现性别和化学浓度之间的相互作用。新生儿浓度反映出，产前暴露于 PFOS 和 PFOA 增加可能会增加儿童行为困难的风险。
