Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
School of Medicine, Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
BMC Public Health. 2018 Oct 10;18(1):1164. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6044-y.
Estimating the prevalence of child maltreatment is challenging due to the absence of a clear 'gold standard' as to what constitutes maltreatment. This systematic review aims to review studies using self-report maltreatment to capture prevalence rates worldwide.
PubMed, Ovid SP and grey literature from the NSPCC, UNICEF, The UK Government, and WHO from 2000 to 2017 were searched. The literature review focused on the variation found in self-reported lifetime prevalence for each type of maltreatment between studies by continent and gender, and how methodological differences may explain differences found.
Sexual abuse is the most commonly studied form of maltreatment across the world with median (25th to 75th centile) prevalence of 20.4% (13.2% to 33.6%) and 28.8% (17.0% to 40.2%) in North American and Australian girls respectively, with lower rates generally for boys. Rates of physical abuse were more similar across genders apart from in Europe, which were 12.0% (6.9% to 23.0%) and 27.0% (7.0% to 43.0%) for girls and boys respectively, and often very high in some continents, for example, 50.8% (36.0% to 73.8%) and 60.2% (43.0% to 84.9%) for girls and boys respectively in Africa. Median rates of emotional abuse were nearly double for girls than boys in North America (28.4% vs 13.8% respectively) and Europe (12.9% vs 6.2% respectively) but more similar across genders groups elsewhere. Median rates of neglect were highest in Africa (girls: 41.8%, boys: 39.1%) and South America (girls: 54.8%, boys: 56.7%) but were based on few studies in total, whereas in the two continents with the highest number of studies, median rates differed between girls (40.5%) and boys (16.6%) in North America but were similar in Asia (girls: 26.3%, boys: 23.8%).
Median prevalence rates differ substantially by maltreatment category, gender and by continent. The number of studies and available data also varies and relatively little is known about prevalence for some forms of maltreatment, particularly outside of the North American context. Prevalence rates require caution in interpretation as some variation will reflect methodological differences, including the data collection methods, and how the maltreatment is defined.
由于缺乏明确的“黄金标准”来确定什么构成虐待，因此估计儿童虐待的流行率具有挑战性。本系统评价旨在综述使用自我报告虐待来捕捉全球流行率的研究。
从 2000 年至 2017 年，在 PubMed、Ovid SP 和 NSPCC、UNICEF、英国政府和世界卫生组织的灰色文献中进行了检索。文献综述侧重于按大洲和性别研究发现的每种类型的自我报告终生流行率之间的差异，以及方法学差异如何解释所发现的差异。
性虐待是全世界最常研究的虐待形式，北美的女孩分别有 20.4%（13.2%至 33.6%）和 28.8%（17.0%至 40.2%），澳大利亚的女孩分别有 20.4%（13.2%至 33.6%）和 28.8%（17.0%至 40.2%）。性虐待在男孩中通常较低。除欧洲外，身体虐待的发生率在性别之间更为相似，欧洲的女孩和男孩分别为 12.0%（6.9%至 23.0%）和 27.0%（7.0%至 43.0%），在某些大陆上往往非常高，例如，女孩分别为 50.8%（36.0%至 73.8%）和 60.2%（43.0%至 84.9%），男孩分别为 50.8%（36.0%至 73.8%）和 60.2%（43.0%至 84.9%）。北美的女孩（28.4%）比男孩（13.8%）和欧洲（12.9%）的情绪虐待中位数发生率几乎高出一倍，但在其他地区的性别群体中更为相似。忽视的中值率在非洲最高（女孩：41.8%，男孩：39.1%）和南美洲（女孩：54.8%，男孩：56.7%），但总共有很少的研究，而在两个研究最多的大陆，女孩（40.5%）和男孩（16.6%）之间的中值率在北美的差异较大，但在亚洲相似（女孩：26.3%，男孩：23.8%）。
按虐待类别、性别和大洲划分，中值流行率差异很大。研究数量和可用数据也有所不同，对于某些形式的虐待，尤其是在北美以外的地区，了解的流行率相对较少。流行率的解释需要谨慎，因为某些差异将反映方法学差异，包括数据收集方法以及虐待的定义。
