Development of a novel chem-bio hybrid process using biochar supported nanoscale iron sulfide composite and Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 for enhanced trichloroethylene dechlorination.

A sequential chem-bio hybrid process was developed using a novel biochar supported carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized nanoscale iron sulfide (CMC-FeS@biochar) as a chemical remover and Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 as a biological agent for trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation. Compared with CMC-FeS, FeS@biochar600, bare FeS and biochar600, the CMC-FeS@biochar600 composite displayed better physiochemical properties (smaller hydrodynamic diameter and higher stability) and demonstrated excellent removal capacity for TCE from aqueous phase. A facultative bacterial strain, Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4, growing well in the presence of CMC-FeS@biochar (added up to 0.25 g L), further enhanced TCE removal after chemical treatment. The dechlorination pathway proposed based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that TCE was dechlorinated to cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and acetylene via hydrogenolysis and β-elimination, respectively within 12 h by CMC-FeS@biochar. Addition of HRJ4 strain into the reaction system effectively enhanced the degradation of the residual TCE, cis-DCE and acetylene to ethylene. Acetylene was the main product in chemical process, whereas ethylene was the main product in biological process as strain HRJ4 could reduce acetylene to ethylene effectively. The results of this study signify the potential application of CMC-FeS@biochar600/HRJ4 chem-bio hybrid system for complete degradation of TCE in the anaerobic environment.