School of Resources and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 100083 Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, 100083 Beijing, China.
School of Resources and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 100083 Beijing, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 10;650(Pt 1):1101-1111. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.426. Epub 2018 Aug 31.
Due to economic development and population growth, the water shortage in China has gradually become increasingly severe. In this paper, by developing an environmentally expanded input-output (IO) model, water footprint in China during 2002-2012 is calculated from the perspective of final demand. Furthermore, a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) model is used to study the driving factors of the water footprint of rural and urban household consumption, gross fixed capital formation and exports. The findings indicate that: 1) the water footprint driven by final demand in China increased by 18.3% during 2002-2012, reaching 617.68 billion m in 2012, of which urban household consumption accounts for the highest proportion. 2) Of the different sectors, agricultural commodities have the highest water footprint, accounting for 35% of national water footprint in 2012. 3) In terms of the driving factors, water efficiency inhibits the increase of water footprint regardless of final demand types, while GDP per capita makes a great contribution to its rise. 4) As for rural household consumption, the most important driving factor is the inhibition effects of consumption pattern in water footprint. For urban household consumption, the water footprint is inhibited by consumption pattern but promoted by production structure during 2002-2010. However, it is no longer the case during 2010-2012 that consumption pattern becomes a promoting factor, with production structure being inhibiting one. 5) Regarding gross fixed capital formation, its water footprint increase driven by consumption pattern is only 12.4 billion m during 2007-2010. As for exports, consumption pattern causes the decline of water footprint after 2005 and the overall water footprint of exports declines during 2007-2012. Finally, this paper provides policy implications with respect to the promotion of China's water footprint conservation.
由于经济发展和人口增长，中国的水资源短缺问题逐渐加剧。本文通过建立环境扩展投入产出（IO）模型，从最终需求的角度计算了 2002-2012 年中国的水足迹。进一步采用结构分解分析（SDA）模型，研究了农村和城镇居民生活消费、固定资本形成总额和出口的水足迹的驱动因素。研究结果表明：1）2002-2012 年中国最终需求的水足迹增长了 18.3%，2012 年达到 6176.80 亿立方米，其中城镇居民生活消费占比最高。2）不同部门中，农业商品的水足迹最大，占 2012 年全国水足迹的 35%。3）从驱动因素来看，水资源利用效率在各种最终需求类型下都抑制了水足迹的增加，而人均 GDP 对其增长贡献最大。4）对于农村居民生活消费，消费模式对水足迹的抑制作用是最重要的驱动因素。对于城镇居民生活消费，2002-2010 年，生产结构促进了水足迹的增加，而消费模式抑制了水足迹的增加。然而，2010-2012 年情况并非如此，消费模式成为促进水足迹增加的因素，而生产结构则成为抑制水足迹增加的因素。5）对于固定资本形成总额，消费模式驱动的水足迹增加仅在 2007-2010 年期间为 124 亿立方米。对于出口，消费模式导致 2005 年后水足迹下降，2007-2012 年期间出口的水足迹总体下降。最后，本文提出了促进中国水足迹节约的政策建议。
