Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Nov;26(32):33451-33465. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06296-3. Epub 2019 Sep 14.
Household consumption has been identified to have an essential role in influencing ultimately the environmental pressures generated by human activities. This study assesses the indirect environmental footprint of the Spanish households applying a combination of consumer expenditure surveys with environmentally extended multi-regional input-output analysis. A total of fourteen environmental impact categories are studied from 2006 to 2015. All the impact categories present a similar trend, particularly affected by the economic crisis. The impacts decreased from 2008 to 2013 and finally slightly started rising again from 2014 to 2015. Results show that the dominant categories influencing the indirect environmental footprint in 2015 are (1) food and beverages, (2) housing, and (3) furnishings. From the intensity perspective, housing, transport, and food and beverages appear to be the most intensive consumption clusters in the Spanish household indirect environmental footprint. In relation to the indirect water impacts embodied in the Spanish households' imports, the largest amount is from European countries and the highest virtual water (59%) corresponds to food and agriculture, in particular from wheat, fruit, vegetables, and dairy products. The findings obtained in relation to the sources generating indirect impacts from household consumption could aid the implementation of future mitigation policies.
家庭消费被认为在影响人类活动产生的环境压力方面起着至关重要的作用。本研究通过结合消费者支出调查和环境扩展多区域投入产出分析，评估了西班牙家庭的间接环境足迹。从 2006 年到 2015 年，研究了总共 14 种环境影响类别。所有的影响类别都呈现出相似的趋势，特别是受到经济危机的影响。从 2008 年到 2013 年，这些影响逐渐减少，最后从 2014 年到 2015 年又略有上升。研究结果表明，2015 年影响间接环境足迹的主要类别是：（1）食品和饮料，（2）住房，（3）家具。从强度角度来看，住房、交通和食品及饮料似乎是西班牙家庭间接环境足迹中最密集的消费集群。就西班牙家庭进口所包含的间接水影响而言，最大的部分来自欧洲国家，而最高的虚拟水（59%）对应于食品和农业，特别是小麦、水果、蔬菜和奶制品。与家庭消费产生间接影响的来源有关的研究结果，可以为未来的缓解政策的实施提供帮助。
