Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) , Universidade da Coruña , 15008 A Coruña , Spain.
Área Departamental de Engenharia Química , ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa , Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1 , 1959-007 Lisboa , Portugal.
Inorg Chem. 2018 Nov 5;57(21):13150-13166. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01270. Epub 2018 Oct 19.
Ruthenium(II) complexes are currently considered a viable alternative to the widely used platinum complexes as efficient anticancer agents. We herein present the synthesis and characterization of half-sandwich ruthenium compounds with the general formula [Ru( p-cymene)(L-N,N)Cl][CFSO] (L = 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (1) 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-bis(pyridin-2-yl)quinoxaline (2)), which have been synthesized by substitution reactions from the precursor dimer [Ru( p-cymene)(Cl)(μ-Cl)] and were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, H NMR, UV-vis, and IR spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structure for complex 2 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated against human tumor cells, namely ovarian carcinoma A2780 and breast MCF7 and MDAMB231 adenocarcinoma cells, and against normal primary fibroblasts. Whereas the cytotoxic activity of 1 is moderate, IC values found for 2 are among the lowest previously reported for Ru( p-cymene) complexes. Both compounds present no cytotoxic effect in normal human primary fibroblasts when they are used at the IC concentration in A2780 and MCF7 cancer cells. Their antiproliferative capacity is associated with a combined mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy. A strong interaction with DNA was observed for both with a binding constant value of the same magnitude as that of the classical intercalator [Ru(phen)(dppz)]. Both complexes bind to human serum albumin with moderate to strong affinity, with conditional binding constants (log K) of 4.88 for complex 2 and 5.18 for complex 1 in 2% DMSO/10 mM Hepes pH7.0 medium. The acute toxicity was evaluated in zebrafish embryo model using the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET). Remarkably, our results show that compounds 1 and 2 are not toxic/lethal even at extremely high concentrations. The novel compounds reported herein are highly relevant antitumor metallodrug candidates, given their in vitro cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and the lack of in vivo toxicity.
钌(II)配合物目前被认为是有效抗癌药物的铂配合物的可行替代品。我们在此介绍了具有通式[Ru(p-cymene)(L-N,N)Cl][CFSO]的半夹心钌化合物的合成和表征(L=3,6-二-2-吡啶基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(1),6,7-二甲基-2,3-双(吡啶-2-基)喹喔啉(2)),它们是通过前体二聚体[Ru(p-cymene)(Cl)(μ-Cl)]的取代反应合成的,并通过元素分析、质谱、H NMR、UV-vis 和 IR 光谱、电导率测量和循环伏安法进行了表征。复合物 2 的分子结构通过单晶 X 射线衍射确定。这些化合物的细胞毒性活性针对人肿瘤细胞,即卵巢癌 A2780 和乳腺癌 MCF7 和 MDAMB231 腺癌细胞以及正常原代成纤维细胞进行了评估。虽然 1 的细胞毒性活性中等,但 2 的 IC 值是以前报道的 Ru(p-cymene)配合物中最低的。在 A2780 和 MCF7 癌细胞中使用 IC 浓度时,两种化合物在正常人类原代成纤维细胞中均无细胞毒性作用。它们的增殖能力与凋亡和自噬的联合机制有关。观察到两种化合物与 DNA 有很强的相互作用,其结合常数与经典嵌入剂[Ru(phen)(dppz)]的相同。两种配合物与人血清白蛋白具有中等至强的亲和力,在 2% DMSO/10 mM Hepes pH7.0 介质中,复合物 2 的条件结合常数(log K)为 4.88,复合物 1 的条件结合常数(log K)为 5.18。使用鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验(FET)在斑马鱼胚胎模型中评估了急性毒性。值得注意的是,我们的结果表明,即使在极高浓度下,化合物 1 和 2 也没有毒性/致死性。鉴于它们对癌细胞的体外细胞毒性和体内毒性缺乏,报告的新型化合物是非常有前途的抗肿瘤金属药物候选物。
Inorg Chem. 2018-11-16
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2022-2