AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, Mickiewicza 30 av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Chemosphere. 2019 Jan;215:574-585. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.061. Epub 2018 Oct 15.
The study presents the results of an analysis of fly ashes produced from burning of solid fuels mixed with municipal waste and assesses the environmental and health risk associated with infiltration of the selected metals to the environment. The phase composition suggests that the material is extremely mixed and diverse. Low-temperature components were mixed with substances formed in high temperatures. The variable composition of waste from different home furnaces with high content of the amorphous phase (which dissolves in water more easily than its crystalline equivalents) may be harmful to the environment and for the people. The dominant elements were silicates and aluminosilicates, such as: quartz, feldspar and plagioclase (albite). Clay minerals (kaolinite and mullite), carbonates (calcite), oxides/oxidehydroxides of iron and sulfate minerals (gypsum and anhydrite) were also abundant. The particles' major constituents were Si, Al, Ca and Fe oxides (85.5%), while S, Mg, Na, K and Ti oxides accounted for 12.6% of the total content. The risk assessment code suggested: Low Risk for As, Co, Cr, Ni, Medium Risk for Cd, Cu and Pb, and High Risk for Zn. Hazard Index (HI) calculated for non-cancerogenic substances for children was 2.35E+00. The total Risk index for children was 4.88E-05. As for adults, HI was 2.42E-01 for women, and 2.89E-01 for men, while the Risk index value was 6.85E-05 for women, and 8.48E-05 for men. The value HI > 1 points to the risk of adverse health impact on children exposed to fly ashes.
本研究报告分析了燃烧固体燃料与城市垃圾混合产生的飞灰，并评估了选定金属渗透到环境中所带来的环境和健康风险。该物质的相组成表明其极为混合和多样化。低温组分与高温下形成的物质混合在一起。来自不同家庭熔炉的废物成分不同，其中含有大量非晶相（比其晶相更容易溶解在水中），这可能对环境和人类健康有害。主要元素为硅酸盐和铝硅酸盐，如石英、长石和斜长石（钠长石）。粘土矿物（高岭石和莫来石）、碳酸盐（方解石）、铁的氧化物/氢氧化物和硫酸盐矿物（石膏和硬石膏）也很丰富。颗粒的主要成分是 Si、Al、Ca 和 Fe 氧化物（占 85.5%），而 S、Mg、Na、K 和 Ti 氧化物占总含量的 12.6%。风险评估代码表明：As、Co、Cr、Ni 为低风险，Cd、Cu 和 Pb 为中风险，Zn 为高风险。针对非致癌物质，儿童的危害指数（HI）为 2.35E+00。儿童的总风险指数为 4.88E-05。对于成年人，女性的 HI 为 2.42E-01，男性为 2.89E-01，而女性的风险指数值为 6.85E-05，男性为 8.48E-05。HI 值大于 1 表明儿童接触飞灰会有不良健康影响的风险。
