Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 av, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
Environ Geochem Health. 2021 Jul;43(7):2723-2741. doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00738-5. Epub 2020 Oct 13.
Metallurgical waste originating from the Zn and Pb refining process presents varying chemical composition and physical properties and contains varying quantities of pollutants. In the study, both fresh and weathered samples of production slag from the final Pb refining process were used to determine its physical parameters and chemical composition as well as to perform an environmental risk assessment (RAC, mRAC) related to its storage. This paper focuses on determining parameters such as natural humidity (1.8%) and bulk density (1267 kg/m) of the slag. Also, its toxicity was analysed using bio-tests, its pH was measured (11.92) and the content of sulphates (3.5 wt%), chlorides (0.3 wt%) and selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb) was determined. The Individual Contamination Factor was determined, yielding the following order of the hazard level: Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd > Fe > Mn. Based on the mobility of metals determined using the Mobility Factor, it was concluded that the hazard level followed the sequence Cd > Pb > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu. The obtained water leaching results were compared to the values found in the legal regulations in force. Based on this comparison, it was established that the slag studied constitutes toxic waste containing considerable quantities of sulphides and chlorides. The material is also a considerable source of readily leaching elements (Cd, Zn and Pb), and thus any product created using the slag may become hazardous to the environment. Also, the waste studied must not be used in the form in which it is currently stored due to the leaching of particularly toxic elements (Cd and Pb) in water solutions with increasing acidity.
冶金废物来源于锌和铅精炼过程，具有不同的化学成分和物理性质，并且含有不同数量的污染物。在研究中，使用最终铅精炼过程中的新鲜和风化生产炉渣样品来确定其物理参数和化学成分，并对其储存进行环境风险评估（RAC、mRAC）。本文重点确定了炉渣的天然湿度（1.8%）和体密度（1267kg/m）等参数。此外，还使用生物测试分析了其毒性，测量了其 pH 值（11.92），并确定了硫酸盐（3.5wt%）、氯化物（0.3wt%）和选定重金属（Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb）的含量。确定了个体污染因子，得出以下危害水平顺序：Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd>Fe>Mn。基于使用迁移因子确定的金属迁移性，得出以下危害水平顺序：Cd> Pb> Zn> Mn> Fe> Cu。所得的水浸出结果与现行有效法律规定中的值进行了比较。基于此比较，确定所研究的炉渣构成含有大量硫化物和氯化物的有毒废物。该材料也是可浸出元素（Cd、Zn 和 Pb）的重要来源，因此，使用该炉渣制造的任何产品都可能对环境造成危害。此外，由于在酸性增加的水溶液中特别有毒元素（Cd 和 Pb）的浸出，不得以目前储存的形式使用研究中的废物。
