Graduate Program in Agrochemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, s/n 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil.
Graduate Program in Agrochemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, s/n 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil.
J Contam Hydrol. 2018 Dec;219:18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.08.008. Epub 2018 Aug 30.
The extensive use of pesticides in agricultural practices has been associated with human health problems and environmental contamination worldwide. Brazil is the largest consumer of pesticides in the world and Espírito Santo State stands out as the second Brazilian producer of coffee. However, there is no information about environmental impact of coffee producing at Itapemirim River Basin (IRB) region, Espírito Santo State, Brazil; hence a simple and quick method using open access softwares (AGROSCRE and ARAquá Web) to estimate surface entrainment and pesticide leaching potential was carried out. AGROSCRE evaluates the contamination risk of superficial and groundwater by Active Ingredients (AIs), using GOSS Method, GUS index and US EPA criteria, while ARAquá Web estimates AI concentrations in water resources, indicating their suitability based on water quality requirements for different uses. Regarding pesticides used in coffee plantations, there is 44.7% chance of surface water and 23.7% chance of groundwater contamination. Results showed that ametryne, cyproconazole, diuron, epoxiconazole, flutriafol, triadimenol and triazophos pose contamination risk to both surface water and groundwater in the IRB region. Of these, 10.5% of the total AIs are triazoles and fall under environmental classes II and III (Product Very/Dangerous to the Environment). The AIs ametryne, thiamethoxam, iprodione, flutriafol, triazophos, endosulfan, triadimenol, cyproconazole, diuron, pendimethalin, chlorpyrifos, copper II hydroxide, etion, epoxiconazole and paraquat dichloride, were found to be potentially toxic, presenting environmental concentrations ranging from 123.40 μg L to 0.14 μg L, which are higher than the safety standard for potable water (0.1 μg L). With respect to these AIs, chlorpyrifos, ethion and triazophos showed concentrations higher than EC values for aquatic invertebrates and ametryne and diuron for algae. Thus, local residents and environment may be at high risk of pesticide exposure, when these AIs are used in coffee plantations next to surface water or groundwater.
在农业实践中广泛使用农药会导致全球范围内的人类健康问题和环境污染。巴西是世界上最大的农药消费国，圣埃斯皮里图州是巴西第二大咖啡生产州。然而，关于巴西圣埃斯皮里图州伊塔佩米林河流域（IRB）地区咖啡生产对环境的影响，尚无相关信息，因此采用一种简单快速的方法，使用开放获取软件（AGROSCRE 和 ARAquá Web）来评估表面夹带和农药淋溶的潜力。AGROSCRE 使用 GOSS 方法、GUS 指数和美国环保署标准，评估地表水和地下水的活性成分（AIs）污染风险，而 ARAquá Web 则根据不同用途的水质要求，估算水资源中的 AI 浓度，指示其适用性。对于咖啡种植园中使用的农药，地表水有 44.7%的可能性受到污染，地下水有 23.7%的可能性受到污染。结果表明，莠去津、环丙唑醇、敌草隆、环氧氯丙烷、氟噻草胺、三唑酮和三唑磷对 IRB 地区地表水和地下水均有污染风险。其中，总 AI 的 10.5%为三唑类化合物，属于环境类别 II 和 III（对环境非常危险/危险产品）。莠去津、噻虫嗪、异菌脲、氟噻草胺、三唑磷、硫丹、三唑酮、环丙唑醇、敌草隆、扑草净、毒死蜱、铜 II 氢氧化物、乙硫磷、环氧氯丙烷和百草枯二氯盐等 10 种 AI 被认为具有潜在毒性，环境浓度范围为 123.40μg/L 至 0.14μg/L，高于饮用水安全标准（0.1μg/L）。对于这些 AI，毒死蜱、乙硫磷和三唑磷的浓度高于水生无脊椎动物的 EC 值，莠去津和敌草隆的浓度高于藻类的 EC 值。因此，当这些 AI 用于靠近地表水或地下水的咖啡种植园时，当地居民和环境可能面临较高的农药暴露风险。
