de Winkel Ksander N, Kurtz Max, Bülthoff Heinrich H
Department of Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
Department of Human Factors and Engineering Psychology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
J Vis. 2018 Oct 1;18(11):9. doi: 10.1167/18.11.9.
Visual heading estimation is subject to periodic patterns of constant (bias) and variable (noise) error. The nature of the errors, however, appears to differ between studies, showing underestimation in some, but overestimation in others. We investigated whether field of view (FOV), the availability of binocular disparity cues, motion profile, and visual scene layout can account for error characteristics, with a potential mediating effect of vection. Twenty participants (12 females) reported heading and rated vection for visual horizontal motion stimuli with headings ranging the full circle, while we systematically varied the above factors. Overall, the results show constant errors away from the fore-aft axis. Error magnitude was affected by FOV, disparity, and scene layout. Variable errors varied with heading angle, and depended on scene layout. Higher vection ratings were associated with smaller variable errors. Vection ratings depended on FOV, motion profile, and scene layout, with the highest ratings for a large FOV, cosine-bell velocity profile, and a ground plane scene rather than a dot cloud scene. Although the factors did affect error magnitude, differences in its direction were observed only between participants. We show that the observations are consistent with prior beliefs that headings align with the cardinal axes, where the attraction of each axis is an idiosyncratic property.
视觉航向估计容易出现恒定（偏差）和可变（噪声）误差的周期性模式。然而，不同研究中误差的性质似乎有所不同，有些研究显示存在低估，而另一些研究则显示存在高估。我们研究了视野（FOV）、双眼视差线索的可用性、运动轮廓和视觉场景布局是否可以解释误差特征，并探讨了晕动病是否具有潜在的中介作用。20名参与者（12名女性）报告了航向，并对全圆周范围内航向的视觉水平运动刺激的晕动病进行了评分，同时我们系统地改变了上述因素。总体而言，结果显示存在偏离前后轴的恒定误差。误差大小受视野、视差和场景布局的影响。可变误差随航向角变化，并取决于场景布局。较高的晕动病评分与较小的可变误差相关。晕动病评分取决于视野、运动轮廓和场景布局，在大视野、余弦钟形速度轮廓和地平面场景而非点云场景下评分最高。尽管这些因素确实会影响误差大小，但仅在参与者之间观察到误差方向的差异。我们表明，这些观察结果与先前的观点一致，即航向与基本轴对齐，其中每个轴的吸引力是一种特质属性。
