Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
Pediatrics Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.
Allergy. 2019 Apr;74(4):788-798. doi: 10.1111/all.13650. Epub 2018 Nov 19.
The effect of exposure to microorganisms on allergic diseases has been well studied. The protective effect of early food diversity against allergic diseases was previously shown in the PASTURE cohort study. The consumption of cheese, a food potentially rich in microbial diversity, deserves further examination. We aimed to evaluate whether cheese consumption is associated with allergic diseases.
In the PASTURE study (birth cohort in 5 European countries), data on feeding practices, environmental factors, and allergic diseases were collected by questionnaires from birth to 6 years (N = 931). Cheese consumption at 18 months of age was quantified in terms of frequency and diversity (ie, number of consumed types among 6 types: hard pressed, semipressed, soft, blue, fresh cheese, and cheese from the farm). Multiple logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the effect of cheese consumption on atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic sensitization at 6 years after adjustment for confounders of atopy.
Cheese consumption (vs. nonconsumption) had a significant protective effect on AD (OR = 0.51 [0.29-0.90], P = 0.02) and FA (OR = 0.32, [0.15-0.71], P = 0.004), but no effect on atopic sensitization, allergic rhinitis, and asthma at 6 years. This effect on AD and FA may be related to the diversity of consumed cheeses (OR = 0.64 [0.48-0.85] per cheese type, P = 0.002; OR = 0.55 [0.33-0.92], P = 0.02, respectively).
Although reverse causality cannot totally be ruled out, cheese diversity at 18 months had a protective effect against AD and FA at 6 years in addition to the protective effect of diversity of other foods.
暴露于微生物对过敏性疾病的影响已得到充分研究。早期食物多样性对过敏性疾病的保护作用已在前瞻性牧场队列研究中得到证实。食用奶酪（一种可能富含微生物多样性的食物）值得进一步研究。我们旨在评估食用奶酪是否与过敏性疾病有关。
在牧场研究（5 个欧洲国家的出生队列）中，通过问卷调查收集了从出生到 6 岁的喂养方式、环境因素和过敏性疾病的数据（N=931）。18 个月时的奶酪摄入量以频率和多样性（即 6 种类型中消耗的类型数：硬压、半压、软、蓝纹、新鲜奶酪和农场奶酪）来衡量。多元逻辑回归用于评估奶酪摄入量对 6 岁时特应性皮炎（AD）、食物过敏（FA）、过敏性鼻炎、哮喘和特应性致敏的影响，调整了特应性的混杂因素。
与非食用者相比，食用奶酪（vs. 非食用者）对 AD（OR=0.51 [0.29-0.90]，P=0.02）和 FA（OR=0.32 [0.15-0.71]，P=0.004）有显著的保护作用，但对 6 岁时的特应性致敏、过敏性鼻炎和哮喘没有影响。这种对 AD 和 FA 的影响可能与食用奶酪的多样性有关（每增加一种奶酪类型，OR=0.64 [0.48-0.85]，P=0.002；OR=0.55 [0.33-0.92]，P=0.02）。
尽管不能完全排除反向因果关系，但除了其他食物多样性的保护作用外，18 个月时的奶酪多样性对 6 岁时的 AD 和 FA 也有保护作用。
