Wu Bi, Hu Wei, Xing Yong Zhong
National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
Yi Chuan. 2018 Oct 20;40(10):841-857. doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.18-213.
Rice breeding in China has experienced three major leaps of dwarf breeding, heterosis utilization and green super rice cultivation, accompanied by six important processes: dwarf breeding (the first green revolution), three-line hybrid rice cultivation, two-line hybrid rice cultivation, inter-subspecies heterosis utilization, ideal plant type breeding and green super rice cultivation. The breeding subject ranges from the unique trait of high yield to the complex traits of resistance, high quality and high yield. The breeding concept is gradually upgraded from high yield and quality to the second green revolution concept of "less investment, more output, and better environment". Rice functional genomics achievements have prepared many genes with important utilization values for the second green revolution, and rice breeding is moving towards a new era of design breeding. The genomic selection technology and transgenic technology will help to develop the green super rice for "less pesticides, less fertilizers, water saving and drought tolerance, superior quality and high yield". Here, we summarize the development process of rice genetics and breeding in China, point out advantages and disadvantages of various breeding methods and breeding techniques, systematically introduce the molecular mechanisms on cytoplasmic male sterility, photoperiod-sensitive male genic sterility and indica-japonica hybrid sterility, review the important functional genes related to rice plant architecture, panicle architecture, grain size and nutrient use efficiency, clarify the correlation between yield and heading date, and highlight the important position of China in the rice basic research in the world. In particular, we emphasize the fact that Chinese rice production styles have undergone or are undergoing tremendous changes in recent years, and the breeding concept must also keep pace with the changing production styles. In the future, the hybrid breeding technology should be closely integrated with modern breeding technologies to breed rice varieties that must not only meet the market demand, but also have the natural and healthy characteristics and adapt to the new farming system and methods.
中国水稻育种经历了矮化育种、杂种优势利用和绿色超级稻培育三次重大飞跃，伴随矮化育种（第一次绿色革命）、三系杂交稻培育、两系杂交稻培育、亚种间杂种优势利用、理想株型育种和绿色超级稻培育六个重要过程。育种目标从单一的高产性状发展到抗性、优质、高产等复杂性状。育种理念也从高产优质逐步提升到“少投入、多产出、环境优”的第二次绿色革命理念。水稻功能基因组学研究成果为第二次绿色革命储备了众多具有重要利用价值的基因，水稻育种正迈向设计育种新时代。基因组选择技术和转基因技术将助力培育“少打农药、少施化肥、节水抗旱、优质高产”的绿色超级稻。本文综述了中国水稻遗传育种的发展历程，指出了各种育种方法和技术的优缺点，系统介绍了细胞质雄性不育、光温敏雄性核不育和籼粳杂种不育的分子机制，回顾了与水稻株型、穗型、粒型和养分利用效率相关的重要功能基因，阐明了产量与抽穗期的关系，凸显了中国在世界水稻基础研究中的重要地位。特别强调近年来中国水稻生产方式已发生或正在发生巨大变化，育种理念也必须与时俱进。未来，杂交育种技术应与现代育种技术紧密结合，培育出既满足市场需求，又具有天然健康特性、适应新耕作制度和方法的水稻品种。
