Maxson Jones Kathryn, Ankeny Rachel A, Cook-Deegan Robert
Department of History, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
MBL McDonnell Foundation Scholar, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
J Hist Biol. 2018 Dec;51(4):693-805. doi: 10.1007/s10739-018-9538-7.
The Bermuda Principles for DNA sequence data sharing are an enduring legacy of the Human Genome Project (HGP). They were adopted by the HGP at a strategy meeting in Bermuda in February of 1996 and implemented in formal policies by early 1998, mandating daily release of HGP-funded DNA sequences into the public domain. The idea of daily sharing, we argue, emanated directly from strategies for large, goal-directed molecular biology projects first tested within the "community" of C. elegans researchers, and were introduced and defended for the HGP by the nematode biologists John Sulston and Robert Waterston. In the C. elegans community, and subsequently in the HGP, daily sharing served the pragmatic goals of quality control and project coordination. Yet in the HGP human genome, we also argue, the Bermuda Principles addressed concerns about gene patents impeding scientific advancement, and were aspirational and flexible in implementation and justification. They endured as an archetype for how rapid data sharing could be realized and rationalized, and permitted adaptation to the needs of various scientific communities. Yet in addition to the support of Sulston and Waterston, their adoption also depended on the clout of administrators at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the UK nonprofit charity the Wellcome Trust, which together funded 90% of the HGP human sequencing effort. The other nations wishing to remain in the HGP consortium had to accommodate to the Bermuda Principles, requiring exceptions from incompatible existing or pending data access policies for publicly funded research in Germany, Japan, and France. We begin this story in 1963, with the biologist Sydney Brenner's proposal for a nematode research program at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge. We continue through 2003, with the completion of the HGP human reference genome, and conclude with observations about policy and the historiography of molecular biology.
《DNA序列数据共享百慕大原则》是人类基因组计划（HGP）的一项持久遗产。1996年2月，HGP在百慕大举行的一次战略会议上通过了这些原则，并于1998年初在正式政策中实施，规定每天将由HGP资助的DNA序列向公众公开。我们认为，每日共享的理念直接源自大型目标导向分子生物学项目的策略，这些策略最初在秀丽隐杆线虫研究人员的“群体”中进行了测试，并由线虫生物学家约翰·苏尔斯顿和罗伯特·沃特斯顿引入并为HGP进行了辩护。在秀丽隐杆线虫研究群体中，以及随后在HGP中，每日共享服务于质量控制和项目协调的实际目标。然而，我们也认为，在HGP人类基因组计划中，《百慕大原则》解决了基因专利阻碍科学进步的问题，并且在实施和论证方面具有理想性和灵活性。它们作为实现和合理化快速数据共享的典范而留存下来，并允许根据各种科学群体的需求进行调整。然而，除了苏尔斯顿和沃特斯顿的支持外，这些原则的采用还取决于美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）和英国非营利慈善机构惠康信托基金会管理人员的影响力，这两个机构共同资助了HGP人类测序工作的90%。其他希望留在HGP联盟的国家不得不接受《百慕大原则》，这要求德国、日本和法国对现有或正在审议的与公共资助研究的数据访问政策中不兼容的部分做出例外规定。我们从1963年开始讲述这个故事，当时生物学家悉尼·布伦纳在剑桥大学分子生物学实验室（LMB）提出了一个线虫研究项目。我们一直讲述到2003年HGP人类参考基因组完成，并以对政策和分子生物学史学的观察作为结尾。
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