Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 significantly reduces ischemia-induced damage by reducing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Ischemia causes oxidative stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accelerates the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, and may ultimately lead to neuronal cell apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), an ER-resident chaperone that catalyzes disulfide-bond formation in a subset of glycoproteins, against oxidative damage in the hypoxic HT22 cell line and against ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampus. We also confirmed the neuroprotective effects of PDIA3 by using PDIA3-knockout HAP1 cells. The HT22 and HAP1 cell lines showed effective (dose-dependent and time-dependent) penetration and stable expression of the Tat-PDIA3 fusion protein 24 h after Tat-PDIA3 treatment compared to that in the control-PDIA3-treated group. We observed that the fluorescence for both 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), which are markers for the formation of hydrogen peroxide (HO)-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, respectively, was higher in HAP1 cells than in HT22 cells. The administration of Tat-PDIA3 significantly reduced the (1) DCF-DA and TUNEL fluorescence in HT22 and HAP1 cells, (2) ischemia-induced hyperactivity that was observed 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion, (3) ischemia-induced neuronal damage and glial (astrocytes and microglia) activation that was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion, and (4) lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation in the hippocampal homogenates 3-12 h after ischemia/reperfusion. Transient forebrain ischemia significantly elevated the immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) mRNA levels in the hippocampus at 12 h and 4 days after ischemia, relative to those in the time-matched sham-operated group. Administration of Tat-PDIA3 ameliorated the ischemia-induced upregulation of BiP mRNA levels versus the Tat peptide- or control-PDIA3-treated groups, and significantly reduced the induction of CHOP mRNA levels, at 12 h or 4 days after ischemia. Collectively, these results suggest that Tat-PDIA3 acts as a neuroprotective agent against ischemia by attenuating oxidative damage and blocking the apoptotic pathway that is related to the unfolded protein response in the ER.