Food allergy is associated with depression and psychological distress: A web-based study in 11,876 Japanese.

BACKGROUND

Although some studies suggest a possible association between food allergy (FA) and depression/psychological distress, empirical data are still scarce. We aimed to examine whether this association exists in a large sample of the Japanese population.

METHODS

This web-based cross-sectional survey included 1000 individuals with self-reported lifetime history of clinical depression (mean age: 41.4 years, 501 men), and the remaining 10,876 subjects served as controls (mean age: 45.1 years, 5691 men). A six-item Kessler scale (K6) test was used to evaluate severe psychological distress. Information on FA was obtained by a self-report checking for 27 specific allergens.

RESULTS

Participants with FA, 2 or more, 3 or more, and 4 or more allergens were more common in the depression group than in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 1.75, 2.02, and 2.27, respectively; p < 0.001). In the allergen analyses, allergies for shrimp, egg, mackerel, crab, kiwi fruit, milk, banana, and squid (nominal, p < 0.05) were more common in the depression group than in the controls. The proportion of individuals who had a K6 test cut-off score ≥ 13 was higher in the FA group than in the non-FA group, in the total sample (OR = 1.32, 1.62, 2.04 and 2.51; 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more allergens, respectively; p < 0.001).

LIMITATIONS

The identification of FA and depression was based on self-reports.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that FA is a risk factor for depression and severe psychological distress, which depends on the number of allergens.