Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
Microbiome. 2018 Nov 8;6(1):200. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0578-1.
Mastitis, which affects nearly all lactating mammals including human, is generally thought to be caused by local infection of the mammary glands. For treatment, antibiotics are commonly prescribed, which however are of concern in both treatment efficacy and neonate safety. Here, using bovine mastitis which is the most costly disease in the dairy industry as a model, we showed that intestinal microbiota alone can lead to mastitis.
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from mastitis, but not healthy cows, to germ-free (GF) mice resulted in mastitis symptoms in mammary gland and inflammations in serum, spleen, and colon. Probiotic intake in parallel with FMT from diseased cows led to relieved mastitis symptoms in mice, by shifting the murine intestinal microbiota to a state that is functionally distinct from either healthy or diseased microbiota yet structurally similar to the latter. Despite conservation in mastitis symptoms, diseased cows and mice shared few mastitis-associated bacterial organismal or functional markers, suggesting striking divergence in mastitis-associated intestinal microbiota among lactating mammals. Moreover, an "amplification effect" of disease-health distinction in both microbiota structure and function was apparent during the cow-to-mouse FMT.
Hence, dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota may be one cause of mastitis, and probiotics that restore intestinal microbiota function are an effective and safe strategy to treat mastitis.
乳腺炎是一种几乎影响所有哺乳类动物（包括人类）的疾病，通常被认为是由乳腺的局部感染引起的。在治疗中，常使用抗生素，但抗生素的治疗效果和对新生儿的安全性令人担忧。在这里，我们以奶牛乳腺炎为模型，表明肠道微生物群本身就可以导致乳腺炎。
来自乳腺炎奶牛而非健康奶牛的粪便微生物群移植（FMT）可导致无菌（GF）小鼠乳腺出现乳腺炎症状和血清、脾脏和结肠炎症。与来自患病奶牛的 FMT 同时摄入益生菌可使小鼠的乳腺炎症状得到缓解，这是通过将小鼠的肠道微生物群转移到一种与健康或患病微生物群在功能上不同但在结构上与后者相似的状态来实现的。尽管乳腺炎症状保持不变，但患病奶牛和小鼠的乳腺炎相关细菌在生物组织和功能上很少有共同的标志物，这表明在哺乳期哺乳动物中，乳腺炎相关的肠道微生物群存在显著的差异。此外，在牛到鼠的 FMT 过程中，疾病-健康差异在微生物群结构和功能上都表现出明显的“放大效应”。
因此，肠道微生物群的失调可能是乳腺炎的一个原因，而恢复肠道微生物群功能的益生菌是治疗乳腺炎的有效且安全的策略。
