Carson C C
Division of Urologic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Urol Clin North Am. 1988 Aug;15(3):399-405.
Using the percutaneous techniques described here, antegrade ureteral calculus extraction has been successful in more than 90 per cent of reported cases. Thus, stones in the proximal two thirds of the ureter that cannot be managed with standard retrograde techniques alone or in combination with ESWL or that are associated with large renal calculi can be removed with low morbidity by percutaneous methods and endourologic techniques.
采用本文所述的经皮技术，顺行输尿管结石取出术在超过90%的报道病例中取得了成功。因此，输尿管近端三分之二处无法单独采用标准逆行技术或与体外冲击波碎石术联合处理的结石，或与大的肾结石相关的结石，可通过经皮方法和腔内泌尿外科技术以较低的发病率予以清除。
