Percutaneous antegrade approach to ureteral calculi.

Using the percutaneous techniques described here, antegrade ureteral calculus extraction has been successful in more than 90 per cent of reported cases. Thus, stones in the proximal two thirds of the ureter that cannot be managed with standard retrograde techniques alone or in combination with ESWL or that are associated with large renal calculi can be removed with low morbidity by percutaneous methods and endourologic techniques.