Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
Adv Mater. 2019 Mar;31(13):e1805609. doi: 10.1002/adma.201805609. Epub 2018 Nov 15.
Operando characterization techniques have played a crucial role in modern technological developments. In contrast to the experimental uncertainties introduced by ex situ techniques, the simultaneous measurement of desired sample characteristics and near-realistic electrochemical testing provides a representative picture of the underlying physics. From Li-ion batteries to metal-based electrocatalysts, the insights offered by real-time characterization data have enabled more efficient research programs. As an emerging class of catalyst, much of the mechanistic understanding of metal-free electrocatalysts continues to be elusive in comparison to their metal-based counterparts. However, there is a clear absence of operando characterization performed on metal-free catalysts. Through the proper execution of operando techniques, it can be expected that metal-free catalysts can achieve exceptional technological progress. Here, the motivation of using operando characterization techniques for metal-free carbon-based catalyst system is considered, followed by a discussion of the possibilities, difficulties and benefits of their applications.
操作条件下的表征技术在现代技术发展中发挥了至关重要的作用。与原位技术引入的实验不确定性相比，同时测量所需样品特性和近实际电化学测试提供了基础物理的代表性图景。从锂离子电池到基于金属的电催化剂，实时表征数据提供的见解使更有效的研究计划成为可能。作为一类新兴的催化剂，与金属基电催化剂相比，对于无金属电催化剂的机械理解仍然难以捉摸。然而，对于无金属催化剂，显然缺乏操作条件下的表征。通过正确执行操作条件下的技术，可以预期无金属催化剂可以实现卓越的技术进步。在这里，考虑了使用操作条件下的表征技术对无金属碳基催化剂体系的动机，随后讨论了它们应用的可能性、困难和益处。
