Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA.
Adv Mater. 2019 Mar;31(13):e1805598. doi: 10.1002/adma.201805598. Epub 2019 Feb 14.
Sustainable and cost-effective energy generation has become crucial for fulfilling present energy requirements. For this purpose, the development of cheap, scalable, efficient, and reliable catalysts is essential. Carbon-based heteroatom-doped, 3D, and mesoporous electrodes are very promising as catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Various carbon allotropes doped with a variety of heteroatoms can be utilized for cost-effective mass production of electrode materials. 3D porous carbon electrodes provide multiple advantages, such as large surface area, maximized exposure to active sites, 3D conductive pathways for efficient electron transport, and porous channels to facilitate electrolyte diffusion. However, it is challenging to synthesize and functionalize isotropic 3D carbon structures. Here, various synthesis processes of 3D porous carbon materials are summarized to understand how their physical and chemical properties together with heteroatom doping dictate the electrochemical catalytic performance. Prospects of attractive 3D carbon structural materials for energy conversion and efficient integrated energy systems are also discussed.
可持续且具有成本效益的能源发电对于满足当前的能源需求至关重要。为此，开发廉价、可扩展、高效且可靠的催化剂至关重要。基于碳的杂原子掺杂的 3D 和中孔电极作为电化学能量转换和存储的催化剂非常有前景。各种碳同素异形体掺杂各种杂原子可用于经济高效地大规模生产电极材料。3D 多孔碳电极具有许多优点，例如大表面积、最大限度地暴露于活性位点、用于有效电子传输的 3D 导电途径以及有利于电解质扩散的多孔通道。然而，合成和功能化各向同性 3D 碳结构具有挑战性。在这里，总结了各种 3D 多孔碳材料的合成工艺，以了解它们的物理和化学性质以及杂原子掺杂如何决定电化学催化性能。还讨论了用于能量转换和高效集成能源系统的有吸引力的 3D 碳结构材料的前景。
