Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, Cádiz, Spain.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2019 Feb;38(2):312-320. doi: 10.1002/etc.4310. Epub 2018 Dec 19.
The idea that the hazard of contaminants is exclusively related to their toxic effects does not consider the fact that some organisms can avoid contamination, preventing toxicity. Although inferences about avoidance are made in most behavioral ecotoxicology studies, assessment of the real spatial displacement (organisms moving toward another habitat to escape contamination) is difficult due to the type of exposure (confined and mandatory) used in the bioassays: a forced exposure approach. A complementary approach using nonforced exposure systems to assess how contaminants affect the spatial distribution of organisms in a bicompartmented (toxic or nontoxic) environment has long been described. Recently, this nonforced approach has been developed to include a multi compartmented system in which different samples can be simultaneously tested. The aim of the present review was to describe the importance of the nonforced, multicompartmented exposure approach to simulate a gradient or patches of contamination, to describe the 2 main exposure systems, and to highlight the ecological relevance of including spatial avoidance and habitat preference in ecotoxicological studies. The multicompartmentalization of the system makes it possible to simulate more complex scenarios and therefore include new ecological concepts in bioassays. We also contrasted spatial avoidance in the nonforced exposure systems with the behavioral endpoints measured under other exposure systems. Finally, we showed that the nonforced, multicompartmented exposure approach makes it possible 1) to improve environmental risk assessments by adding the dispersion pattern of organisms in a multihabitat scenario, and 2) to integrate ecological concepts such as recolonization of recovering habitats, loss of habitat connectivity, habitat fragmentation, and contamination-driven metapopulation, which have received limited attention in ecotoxicological studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:312-320. © 2018 SETAC.
认为污染物的危害仅与其毒性作用有关的观点没有考虑到一些生物可以避免污染，从而防止毒性。虽然在大多数行为生态毒理学研究中都进行了关于回避的推断，但由于生物测定中使用的暴露类型（受限和强制），评估实际的空间位移（生物为了逃避污染而向另一个栖息地移动）是困难的：强制暴露方法。长期以来，人们一直使用非强制暴露系统来评估污染物如何影响生物在双隔间（有毒或无毒）环境中的空间分布，这种方法作为一种补充方法得到了描述。最近，这种非强制方法已经发展到包括一个多隔间系统，其中可以同时测试不同的样本。本综述的目的是描述非强制、多隔间暴露方法的重要性，以模拟污染的梯度或斑块，描述 2 种主要的暴露系统，并强调在生态毒理学研究中纳入空间回避和栖息地偏好的生态相关性。该系统的多隔间化使得模拟更复杂的情景成为可能，并因此在生物测定中纳入新的生态概念。我们还将非强制暴露系统中的空间回避与其他暴露系统下测量的行为终点进行了对比。最后，我们表明，非强制、多隔间暴露方法使得 1）通过在多栖息地情景中添加生物的扩散模式，从而有可能改进环境风险评估，以及 2）整合生态概念，如恢复栖息地的再殖民化、栖息地连通性的丧失、栖息地破碎化以及污染驱动的复合种群，这些概念在生态毒理学研究中受到的关注有限。环境毒理化学 2019；38:312-320。©2018SETAC。
