Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Chemistry, 15784, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece.
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
J Hazard Mater. 2019 Mar 5;365:346-365. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.084. Epub 2018 Oct 30.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms distributed globally in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They are also industrially cultivated to be used as dietary supplements, as they have a high nutritional value; however, they are also known to produce a wide range of toxic secondary metabolites, called cyanotoxins. BMAA (β-methylamino-l-alanine) and its most common structural isomers, DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) and AEG (N-2-aminoethylglycine) produced by cyanobacteria, are non-proteinogenic amino acids that have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. A possible route of exposure to those amino acids is through consumption of food supplements based on cyanobacteria. The review critically discusses existing reports regarding the occurrence of BMAA, DAB and AEG in cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria-based food supplements. It is shown that inconsistencies in reported results could be attributed to performance of different methods of extraction and analysis applied and in ambiguities regarding determination of soluble and bound fractions of the compounds. The critical aspect of this review aims to grow awareness of human intake of neurotoxic amino acids, while results presented in literature concerning dietary supplements aim to promote further research, quality control as well as development of guidelines for cyanotoxins in food products.
蓝藻是一种在水生和陆地环境中全球分布的光合微生物。它们也被工业养殖用作膳食补充剂，因为它们具有很高的营养价值；然而，它们也被认为会产生广泛的有毒次生代谢物，称为蓝藻毒素。蓝藻产生的β-甲基氨基-l-丙氨酸（BMAA）及其最常见的结构异构体 2,4-二氨基丁酸（DAB）和 N-2-氨基乙基甘氨酸（AEG）是非蛋白氨基酸，与神经退行性疾病有关。接触这些氨基酸的一个可能途径是食用基于蓝藻的膳食补充剂。本综述批判性地讨论了关于蓝藻和基于蓝藻的膳食补充剂中 BMAA、DAB 和 AEG 存在的现有报告。结果表明，报告结果的不一致可能归因于所应用的不同提取和分析方法的性能，以及化合物的可溶性和结合部分的测定存在歧义。本综述的关键方面旨在提高人们对人类摄入神经毒性氨基酸的认识，而文献中关于膳食补充剂的结果旨在促进进一步的研究、质量控制以及食品中蓝藻毒素的指南制定。
