Walker N I, Harmon B V, Gobé G C, Kerr J F
Department of Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Methods Achiev Exp Pathol. 1988;13:18-54.
Cell death takes two distinct forms, necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is a degenerative phenomenon that follows irreversible injury. Apoptosis, in contrast, appears to be an active process requiring protein synthesis for its execution; it is implicated in physiological regulation of tissue size, and, where it occurs pathologically, a homeostatic role for the death is often evident. Morphologically, apoptosis involves condensation of the nuclear chromatin and cytoplasm, fragmentation of the nucleus, and budding of the whole cell to produce membrane-bounded bodies in which organelles are initially intact. These bodies are disposed of by adjacent cells without inflammation. Biochemically, there is distinctive internucleosome cleavage of DNA in apoptosis, which is quite different from the random DNA degradation observed in necrosis.
细胞死亡有两种不同形式，即坏死和凋亡。坏死是一种继不可逆损伤之后出现的退行性现象。相比之下，凋亡似乎是一个需要蛋白质合成才能执行的主动过程；它与组织大小的生理调节有关，并且在其病理发生的情况下，死亡的稳态作用通常很明显。从形态学上看，凋亡涉及核染色质和细胞质的浓缩、细胞核的碎片化以及整个细胞的出芽，以产生细胞器最初保持完整的膜结合体。这些小体由相邻细胞清除而不引发炎症。从生化角度来看，凋亡过程中DNA存在独特的核小体间切割，这与坏死中观察到的随机DNA降解有很大不同。
