Interlinked regulatory loops of ABA catabolism and biosynthesis coordinate fruit growth and ripening in woodland strawberry.

Fruit growth and ripening are controlled by multiple phytohormones. How these hormones coordinate and interact with each other to control these processes at the molecular level is unclear. We found in the early stages of (woodland strawberry) fruit development, auxin increases both widths and lengths of fruits, while gibberellin [gibberellic acid (GA)] mainly promotes their longitudinal elongation. Auxin promoted GA biosynthesis and signaling by activating GA biosynthetic and signaling genes, suggesting auxin function is partially dependent on GA function. To prevent the repressive effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on fruit growth, auxin and GA suppressed ABA accumulation during early fruit development by activating the expression of encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes ABA catabolism. At the onset of fruit ripening, both auxin and GA levels decreased, leading to a steep increase in the endogenous level of ABA that drives fruit ripening. ABA repressed the expression of but promoted that of , a rate-limiting step in ABA biosynthesis. Accordingly, altering expression changed the endogenous ABA levels and affected expression. Hence, ABA catabolism and biosynthesis are tightly linked by feedback and feedforward loops to limit ABA contents for fruit growth and to quickly increase ABA contents for the onset of fruit ripening. These results indicate that not only regulates ABA accumulation but also provides a hub to coordinate fruit size and ripening times by relaying auxin, GA, and ABA signals.