Ruiz-Lambides Angelina V, Weiß Brigitte M, Kulik Lars, Widdig Anja
Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Anim Behav. 2018 Jun;140:119-127. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.018. Epub 2018 May 24.
Extragroup paternity (EGP) is found across a wide range of species and may entail reproductive benefits, but may also entail costs to both sexes. While population and group parameters affecting the degree of EGPs are relatively well established, less is known about the individual characteristics that make males and females engage in alternative reproductive tactics such as EGP. Applying a combination of long-term demographic and genetic data from the rhesus macaque population of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico, U.S.A.), we investigate which male and female characteristics influence the probability of EGP to better understand the circumstances that shape the distribution and occurrence of EGP. Our results show that, against our expectations, higher-ranking females were more likely to produce EGP offspring than lower- ranking females. The probability of producing extragroup offspring was not significantly related to female or male age, male tenure or previous reproductive success. Furthermore, genetic relatedness between the parents did not affect the production of extragroup offspring, but extragroup offspring were more frequently produced early rather than late in a given mating season. Altogether, our analysis suggests that individual attributes and seasonal aspects create different opportunities and preferences for engaging in EGP as an alternative reproductive tactic. The observed patterns of EGP in rhesus macaques appear to be consistent with female mate choice for genetic benefits, which needs to be confirmed in future studies.
种外亲子关系（EGP）在广泛的物种中都有发现，可能带来繁殖益处，但也可能对两性都造成代价。虽然影响EGP程度的种群和群体参数相对已得到较好的确立，但对于促使雄性和雌性采取诸如EGP等替代繁殖策略的个体特征却知之甚少。利用来自美国波多黎各圣地亚哥岛恒河猴种群的长期人口统计学和基因数据相结合的方法，我们调查了哪些雄性和雌性特征会影响EGP的概率，以便更好地理解塑造EGP分布和发生情况的环境。我们的结果表明，与我们的预期相反，地位较高的雌性比地位较低的雌性更有可能产出EGP后代。产出种外后代的概率与雌性或雄性的年龄、雄性任期或先前的繁殖成功率没有显著关系。此外，父母之间的基因关联性并不影响种外后代的产出，但在给定的交配季节中，种外后代更频繁地在早期而非晚期产出。总体而言，我们的分析表明，个体属性和季节因素为作为替代繁殖策略参与EGP创造了不同的机会和偏好。在恒河猴中观察到的EGP模式似乎与雌性为获取基因益处而进行配偶选择一致，这有待未来研究加以证实。
