Jorge Nina Castro, Souza-Silva Érica A, Alvarenga Danielle Ramos, Saboia Giovanni, Soares Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves, Zini Cláudia Alcaraz, Cavalleri Adriano, Isaias Rosy Mary Santos
Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, Brazil.
Front Plant Sci. 2018 Nov 6;9:1521. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01521. eCollection 2018.
Thysanoptera-induced galls commonly culminate in simple folding or rolling leaf gall morphotypes. Most of these galls are induced by members of the suborder Tubulifera, with only a few species of the suborder Terebrantia being reported as gall inducers. The Terebrantia, as most of the gall inducers, manipulates the host plant cellular communication system, and induces anatomical and biochemical changes in its host plant. In an effort to keep its homeostasis, the host plant reacts to the stimuli of the galling insect and triggers chemical signaling processes. In contrast to free-living herbivores, the signaling processes involving galling herbivores and their host plants are practically unknown. Current investigation was performed into two steps: first, we set the structural profile of non-galled and galled leaves, and looked forward to find potential alterations due to gall induction by an undescribed species of (suborder Terebrantia) on . Once oil glands had been altered in size and number, the second step was the investigation of the chemical profile of three tissue samples: (1) non-galled leaves of a control individual, (2) non-galled leaves of galled plants, and (3) galls. This third sample was divided into two groups: (3.1) galls from which the inducing thrips were manually removed and (3.2) galls macerated with the inducing thrips inside. The chemical profile was performed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric detector after headspace solid-phase extraction. The galling activity of the sp. on M. culminates in mesophyll compactness interspersed to diminutive hypersensitive spots, development of air cavities, and the increase in size and number of the secretory glands. Seventy-two compounds were completely identified in the volatile profile of the three samples, from which, sesquiterpenes and aldehydes, pertaining to the "green leaf volatile" (GLVs) class, are the most abundant. The rare event of gall induction by a Terebrantia revealed discrete alterations toward leaf rolling, and indicated quantitative differences related to the plant bioactivity manipulated by the galling thrips. Also, the content of methyl salicylate has varied and has been considered a potential biomarker of plant resistance stimulated as a long-distance effect on individuals.
蓟马诱导形成的虫瘿通常以简单的叶片折叠或卷曲虫瘿形态类型告终。这些虫瘿大多是由管尾亚目成员诱导形成的，只有少数锯尾亚目物种被报道为虫瘿诱导者。与大多数虫瘿诱导者一样，锯尾亚目会操纵寄主植物的细胞通讯系统，并在其寄主植物中诱导解剖学和生物化学变化。为了维持自身的稳态，寄主植物会对造瘿昆虫的刺激做出反应，并触发化学信号传导过程。与自由生活的食草动物不同，涉及造瘿食草动物及其寄主植物的信号传导过程实际上还不清楚。当前的研究分两个步骤进行：首先，我们设定了未被造瘿和被造瘿叶片的结构轮廓，并期望找到由一种未描述的（锯尾亚目）物种在[寄主植物名称]上造瘿所导致的潜在变化。一旦油腺在大小和数量上发生了改变，第二步就是对三个组织样本的化学特征进行研究：（1）对照个体的未被造瘿叶片，（2）被造瘿植物的未被造瘿叶片，以及（3）虫瘿。第三个样本分为两组：（3.1）人工去除诱导蓟马后的虫瘿，以及（3.2）内部带有诱导蓟马的捣碎虫瘿。在顶空固相萃取后，通过气相色谱/质谱检测器进行化学特征分析。[蓟马物种名称]对[寄主植物名称]的造瘿活动最终导致叶肉紧实度增加，其间散布着微小的过敏斑、气腔的形成以及分泌腺大小和数量的增加。在这三个样本的挥发性成分中，共完全鉴定出72种化合物，其中属于“绿叶挥发物”（GLVs）类别的倍半萜和醛类最为丰富。锯尾亚目诱导形成虫瘿这一罕见事件揭示了叶片卷曲方面的离散变化，并表明了与造瘿蓟马操纵的植物生物活性相关的数量差异。此外，水杨酸甲酯的含量也有所变化，并被认为是作为对[寄主植物名称]个体的远距离效应而被刺激的植物抗性的潜在生物标志物。
