Prophylactic knee bracing.

Six studies to determine the effectiveness of prophylactic knee braces in preventing medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury in football are compared. Criteria useful in evaluating studies are discussed, such as the probability of confounding factors, bias in selecting cases and controls, and variations in defining injury and exposure. Cost, as well as some ethical issues associated with mandated use are discussed. While four of these studies found a reduction in MCL injuries associated with using a brace, two of them reported increases. No consensus arises from these studies, conflicting results as well as methodological problems in some make it impossible to state with assurance the role of prophylactic knee bracing in football at this time.