International Commission on Missing Persons, Koninginnegracht 12a, The Hague, Netherlands.
International Commission on Missing Persons, Koninginnegracht 12a, The Hague, Netherlands.
Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2019 Jan;38:236-244. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.11.008. Epub 2018 Nov 15.
The International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) is a treaty-based international organization with a global mandate to address the issue of missing persons. It works with governments, civil society organizations, and others, and utilizes data systems and technical assistance in forensic science. ICMP's initial work focused on the ∼40,000 people missing in the Western Balkans from the conflicts of the 1990s. A "DNA-led" approach to large-scale DNA identification of the missing was developed, based on high-throughput autosomal STR testing of skeletal remains from mass graves and other sites, and the establishment of a regional database of DNA profiles from family members of the missing. Database pairwise and pedigree kinship searching is conducted using in-house DNA matching software, the Identification Data Management System (iDMS), providing high-certainty DNA matches that are integrated in a multi-disciplinary identification process. Anthropological guidelines for sampling skeletal remains for DNA testing are based on tens of thousands of tests from a wide range of skeletal elements, allowing for prioritization based on DNA preservation. Large-scale collection of family reference samples has been conducted, resulting in a database of more than 100,000 family reference DNA profiles across all projects and delivering family DNA match reports for more than 20,000 individuals. From the 1995 Srebrenica event, ICMP provided DNA matches for 6887 of the ∼8000 missing from that event. In assistance to justice, ICMP has provided extensive evidence and expert testimony in multiple war crimes trials, including those conducted at the ICTY. This article provides an overview of ICMP's technical involvement over the last 17 years in areas of DNA testing and database matching, and training and capacity building projects with partners. It also touches on the development of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) strategies specifically tailored to missing persons applications.
失踪人员国际委员会（ICMP）是一个基于条约的国际组织，具有解决失踪人员问题的全球任务。它与政府、民间社会组织和其他组织合作，并利用法医科学中的数据系统和技术援助。ICMP 的初始工作重点是解决 20 世纪 90 年代西方巴尔干地区冲突中约 4 万人失踪的问题。基于对大规模坟墓和其他地点的骨骼遗骸进行高通量常染色体 STR 测试，并建立失踪人员家属的区域 DNA 图谱数据库，开发了一种针对失踪人员的大规模 DNA 鉴定的“DNA 主导”方法。使用内部 DNA 匹配软件 Identification Data Management System (iDMS) 对数据库进行两两和系谱亲属搜索，提供高确定性的 DNA 匹配，这些匹配结果整合在一个多学科的鉴定过程中。用于 DNA 测试的骨骼遗骸采样的人类学准则基于来自广泛骨骼元素的数万次测试，允许根据 DNA 保存情况进行优先级排序。已经进行了大规模的家属参考样本收集，导致在所有项目中拥有超过 10 万个家属参考 DNA 图谱数据库，并为超过 20000 人提供了家属 DNA 匹配报告。自 1995 年斯雷布雷尼察事件以来，ICMP 为该事件约 8000 名失踪人员中的 6887 人提供了 DNA 匹配结果。在协助司法方面，ICMP 在多个战争罪审判中提供了广泛的证据和专家证言，包括前南问题国际法庭进行的审判。本文概述了 ICMP 在过去 17 年中在 DNA 测试和数据库匹配领域的技术参与，以及与合作伙伴开展的培训和能力建设项目。它还涉及到专门针对失踪人员应用开发的大规模平行测序（MPS）策略。
