ORAU Student Services Contractor to Exposure Methods & Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States.
Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 10;655:395-407. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.070. Epub 2018 Nov 12.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers, the most popular choice among home hobbyists, have been shown to release volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) and billions of airborne particles per minute, indicating the potential for consumer inhalation exposure and consequent health risks. Publications on FDM 3D printer emissions however, contain large heterogeneity of testing methods and analytical procedures making it difficult to reach overall conclusions for particle characteristics or particle number emission rates across the field. In this publication, data were collected over the printing time from 3D printer emission studies including particle count diameters (PCDs) (nanometers), particle number concentrations (PNCs) (particles/cm), and particle number emission rates (PNERs) (particles min). Despite heterogeneity in methods, the majority of particles released were reported as ultrafine in size (i.e., <100 nm) indicating that using both acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly-lactic acid (PLA) may present a risk of exposure to respirable particles. Mean PNC emitted in 3D printing tests ranged over several orders of magnitude across publications with overall means of 300,980 particles/cm for ABS and 65,482 particles/cm for PLA. Although mean PNC data were available from only 7 of the 16 papers reviewed, ABS resulted in greater particle numbers than PLA suggesting increased exposure to ultrafine particles. A linear mixed model was fitted for mean PNCs to further explore the impact of nozzle temperature and filament material. Finally, the PNER calculation method especially regarding losses, varied widely across studies, and directly impacted the PNERs reported. To strengthen direct comparability of results going forward, it is recommended that standard emissions testing protocols be developed for FDM 3D printers and particle influxes and losses be more uniformly calculated.
熔融沉积建模（FDM）3D 打印机是家庭爱好者中最受欢迎的选择，已被证明每分钟释放挥发性有机化学品（VOC）和数十亿个空气传播颗粒，表明消费者可能会吸入这些物质，并由此带来健康风险。然而，关于 FDM 3D 打印机排放的出版物包含测试方法和分析程序的很大异质性，使得难以对整个领域的颗粒特征或颗粒数排放率得出总体结论。在本出版物中，从 3D 打印机排放研究中收集了打印过程中的数据，包括颗粒计数直径（PCD）（纳米）、颗粒数浓度（PNC）（颗粒/cm）和颗粒数排放率（PNER）（颗粒/min）。尽管方法存在异质性，但释放的大多数颗粒被报告为超细微粒（即<100nm），这表明使用丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯（ABS）和聚乳酸（PLA）都可能存在可吸入颗粒暴露的风险。3D 打印测试中排放的平均 PNC 在出版物中跨越几个数量级，ABS 的总体平均值为 300980 个颗粒/cm，PLA 的总体平均值为 65482 个颗粒/cm。尽管仅从 16 篇综述论文中的 7 篇获得了平均 PNC 数据，但 ABS 产生的颗粒数多于 PLA，这表明接触超细颗粒的风险增加。对平均 PNC 进行了线性混合模型拟合，以进一步探讨喷嘴温度和长丝材料的影响。最后，PNER 计算方法，尤其是关于损失的计算方法，在研究之间差异很大，直接影响了报告的 PNER。为了加强未来结果的直接可比性，建议为 FDM 3D 打印机制定标准排放测试协议，并更均匀地计算颗粒流入和损失。
