Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
Genomics. 2019 Sep;111(5):1026-1033. doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.022. Epub 2018 Nov 23.
Somatic embryogenesis (SEG) is one of the best techniques for mass production of economically important plants. It is also used for the study of morphology, anatomy, physiology, genetics and molecular mechanism of embryo development. Somatic Embryos (SE) are bipolar structures that develop from a cell other than a gamete or zygote. SEG reflects the unique developmental potential of plant somatic cells, resulting in the transition of the differentiated somatic cells to embryogenic cells to follow the zygotic embryo stages. There are several biochemical and physiological processes that transformed a single somatic cell to a whole plant. SE studies provide insight into cell mechanisms governing the totipotency process in plants. Previously, in vitro studies have suggested the role of various regulatory genes in embryogenic transition that are triggered by plant hormones in response to stress. The omic studies identify the specific genes, transcripts, and proteins required for somatic embryogenesis development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, 19-24 nucleotides (nt), non-coding small RNA regulatory molecules controlling a large number of biological processes. In addition to their role in SEG, miRNAs play vital role in plant development, secondary metabolite synthesis and metabolism of macromolecules, hormone signal transduction, and tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. During last decade several types of miRNAs involved in SEG have been reported. Among these miRNAs, miR156, miR162, miR166a, miR167, miR168, miR171a/b, miR171c, miR393, miR397 and miR398 played very active role during various stages of SEG. In this review, we highlighted the role of these as well as other miRNAs in some economically important plants.
体细胞胚胎发生 (SEG) 是大规模生产经济上重要植物的最佳技术之一。它也用于研究胚胎发育的形态、解剖、生理、遗传和分子机制。体细胞胚 (SE) 是从配子或合子以外的细胞发育而来的双极结构。SEG 反映了植物体细胞的独特发育潜力，导致分化的体细胞向胚胎发生细胞转变，以遵循合子胚胎阶段。有几个生化和生理过程将单个体细胞转变为整个植物。SE 研究为控制植物全能性过程的细胞机制提供了深入了解。以前，体外研究表明，各种调节基因在胚胎发生转变中发挥作用，这些基因被植物激素触发，以应对应激。组学研究确定了体细胞胚胎发生发育所需的特定基因、转录物和蛋白质。microRNAs (miRNAs) 是小的、19-24 个核苷酸 (nt) 的非编码小 RNA 调节分子，控制着大量的生物过程。除了在 SEG 中的作用外，miRNAs 在植物发育、次生代谢物合成和大分子代谢、激素信号转导以及植物对生物和非生物胁迫的耐受中发挥着重要作用。在过去的十年中，已经报道了几种参与 SEG 的 miRNAs。在这些 miRNAs 中，miR156、miR162、miR166a、miR167、miR168、miR171a/b、miR171c、miR393、miR397 和 miR398 在 SEG 的各个阶段都发挥了非常积极的作用。在这篇综述中，我们强调了这些以及其他 miRNAs 在一些经济上重要的植物中的作用。
