Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of Pichia stipitis to three representative lignocellulosic inhibitors.

During the bioconversion of xylose to ethanol, Pichia stipitis cells are often inhibited by substances generated in the lignocellulosic hydrolysate. However, the response mechanism of P. stipitis to inhibitors has not been completely understood till date. With this aim, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on P. stipitis to investigate the interactive effects of three representative inhibitors [vanillin, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and acetic acid] present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were observed to significantly down-regulated in the presence of the three combined inhibitors in both lag and middle exponential phases. In addition, inhibitor addition induced amino acid metabolism (e.g., glutamine and asparagine syntheses), since the yeast cells required more amino acids in stressful conditions. The metabolomic analysis yielded similar results, particularly those related with the analysis of metabolic biomarkers including fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars. 70 intracellular metabolites were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and samples from different phases were clearly separated by principal component analysis (PCA). The large amount of specific responsive genes and metabolites highlighted the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the fermentation process in the presence of the three combined inhibitors.