Tindall Alyssa M, Petersen Kristina S, Lamendella Regina, Shearer Gregory C, Murray-Kolb Laura E, Proctor David N, Kris-Etherton Penny M
Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA.
Curr Dev Nutr. 2018 Aug 3;2(11):nzy069. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy069. eCollection 2018 Nov.
There is concern that tree nuts may cause weight gain due to their energy density, yet evidence shows that tree nuts do not adversely affect weight status. Epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown a reduced risk of chronic diseases with tree nut consumption without an increased risk of weight gain. In fact, tree nuts may protect against weight gain and benefit weight-loss interventions. However, the relation between tree nut consumption and adiposity is not well understood at the mechanistic level. This review summarizes the proposed underlying mechanisms that might account for this relation. Evidence suggests that tree nuts may affect adiposity through appetite control, displacement of unfavorable nutrients, increased diet-induced thermogenesis, availability of metabolizable energy, antiobesity action of bioactive compounds, and improved functionality of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is a common factor among these mechanisms and may mediate, in part, the relation between tree nut consumption and reduced adiposity. Further research is needed to understand the impact of tree nuts on the gut microbiome and how the gut microbial environment affects the nutrient absorption and metabolism of tree nuts. The evidence to date suggests that tree nut consumption favorably affects body composition through different mechanisms that involve the gut microbiome. A better understanding of these mechanisms will contribute to the evolving science base that addresses the causes and treatments for overweight and obesity.
有人担心坚果因其能量密度可能会导致体重增加，但证据表明坚果对体重状况并无不利影响。流行病学和实验研究表明，食用坚果可降低患慢性病的风险，且不会增加体重增加的风险。事实上，坚果可能有助于防止体重增加，并对减肥干预措施有益。然而，在机制层面上，食用坚果与肥胖之间的关系尚未得到充分理解。本综述总结了可能解释这种关系的潜在机制。有证据表明，坚果可能通过控制食欲、替代不利营养素、增加饮食诱导的产热、可代谢能量的可用性、生物活性化合物的抗肥胖作用以及改善肠道微生物群的功能来影响肥胖。肠道微生物群是这些机制中的一个共同因素，可能部分介导了食用坚果与肥胖减轻之间的关系。需要进一步研究以了解坚果对肠道微生物群的影响，以及肠道微生物环境如何影响坚果的营养吸收和代谢。迄今为止的证据表明，食用坚果通过涉及肠道微生物群的不同机制对身体成分产生有利影响。更好地理解这些机制将有助于发展解决超重和肥胖的原因及治疗方法的科学基础。
