Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2019 Jan;309(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.11.002. Epub 2018 Nov 27.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) readily forms biofilms on prosthetic devices such as the pacemakers, heart valves, orthopaedic implants, and indwelling catheters. Its biofilms are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy and pose a serious burden in the healthcare setting as they drastically increase the treatment cost and morbidity of the patient. Prevention and treatment of staphylococcal biofilms has therefore been an area of active research for the past two decades. While catheters coated with different antiseptics and antibiotics capable of preventing S. aureus biofilm formation have been developed, an effective therapy for the dispersal and treatment of established staphylococcal biofilms is not yet available. Hence, many studies have focused on developing novel therapeutic strategies that can tackle established S. aureus biofilm associated infections. This has led to the identification of different phytochemicals (e.g., tannic acid, ellagic acid, xanthohumol etc), enzymes (e.g., Dnases, lysostaphin, α-amylase, hyaluronidase and proteases etc.), sulfahydrl compounds (e.g., dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol), nanoparticles (e.g., gold, silver, iron, copper and selenium), phage cocktails, antibodies and metal chelators. Apart from the conventional techniques, the therapeutic effects of ultra sound, shock waves and photodynamic therapy for treating S. aureus biofilms are also being investigated. Clinical validation of these studies will equip the medical field with alternate preventive and treatment methods against staphylococcal biofilm infections. This review provides recent updates on the preventive and therapeutic strategies explored to eradicate staphylococcal biofilm formation and related infections.
金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）容易在起搏器、心脏瓣膜、骨科植入物和留置导管等假体设备上形成生物膜。其生物膜对抗生素治疗有抵抗力，并且在医疗保健环境中构成严重负担，因为它们大大增加了患者的治疗成本和发病率。因此，在过去的二十年中，预防和治疗葡萄球菌生物膜一直是活跃的研究领域。虽然已经开发出涂有不同防腐剂和抗生素的导管，这些防腐剂和抗生素能够防止 S. aureus 生物膜的形成，但对于已建立的葡萄球菌生物膜的分散和治疗还没有有效的方法。因此，许多研究都集中在开发可以解决已建立的 S. aureus 生物膜相关感染的新型治疗策略上。这导致了不同植物化学物质（例如单宁酸、鞣花酸、黄烷酮等）、酶（例如 Dnases、溶葡萄球菌素、α-淀粉酶、透明质酸酶和蛋白酶等）、磺胺类化合物（例如二硫苏糖醇、2-巯基乙醇）、纳米颗粒（例如金、银、铁、铜和硒）、噬菌体鸡尾酒、抗体和金属螯合剂的鉴定。除了常规技术外，还在研究超声、冲击波和光动力疗法治疗 S. aureus 生物膜的治疗效果。这些研究的临床验证将使医学界具备针对葡萄球菌生物膜感染的替代预防和治疗方法。本综述提供了最近在消除葡萄球菌生物膜形成和相关感染方面探索的预防和治疗策略的最新信息。
