1 Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
Reprod Sci. 2019 Sep;26(9):1287-1293. doi: 10.1177/1933719118815589. Epub 2018 Dec 6.
The diabetic syndrome affects pregnancy, contributing to placental functional and structural disruptions and impaired fetal development, with many reports indicating tobacco-associated morbidity and perinatal mortality. In our study, an experimental rat model of diabetes and cigarette smoke exposure in pregnant rats was used to determine the impact of the combination of diabetes and exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy on maternal oxidative stress biomarkers and placental and fetal development. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, and dams were exposed to cigarette smoke by mainstream smoke generated by a mechanical smoking device and delivered into a chamber. Four groups of dams were studied: nondiabetic (C, control) and diabetic (D) exposed to filtered air and nondiabetic (CS) and diabetic (DS) exposed to cigarette smoke prior to and during pregnancy. Maternal oxidative stress biomarkers, placental morphology, and fetal growth were determined close to term. The combination of diabetes and cigarette smoke resulted in elevated maternal blood glucose levels and increased number of small fetuses. Placentas from the DS group showed increased junctional zone and decreased labyrinthine area. The morphological alterations were characterized by extensive vascular congestion, thickness, and hyalinization of the vascular walls, numerous decidual cells with abundant glycogen, and macrophages with cytoplasmic inclusions of hemosiderin. Additionally, they showed increased glycogen accumulation and junctional zone structural derangement with ectopic giant cells. No alterations were observed in maternal oxidative stress status. Thus, our result suggests that diabetes makes pregnant rats more susceptible to the adverse effects of exposure to cigarette smoke on placental morphometry and fetal growth.
糖尿病综合征会影响妊娠，导致胎盘功能和结构紊乱，并影响胎儿发育，许多报告表明，吸烟会导致发病率和围产期死亡率增加。在我们的研究中，使用了一种糖尿病实验大鼠模型和吸烟暴露于妊娠大鼠的香烟烟雾，以确定糖尿病和怀孕期间暴露于香烟烟雾的组合对母体氧化应激生物标志物以及胎盘和胎儿发育的影响。糖尿病通过链脲佐菌素诱导，通过机械吸烟装置产生的主流烟雾将香烟烟雾暴露于母体。研究了四组母体：非糖尿病（C，对照）和糖尿病（D）暴露于过滤空气中，非糖尿病（CS）和糖尿病（DS）在怀孕前和怀孕期间暴露于香烟烟雾。接近足月时，测定了母体氧化应激生物标志物，胎盘形态和胎儿生长。糖尿病和香烟烟雾的组合导致母体血糖水平升高和小胎儿数量增加。DS 组的胎盘显示出连接区增加和迷路区减少。形态改变的特征是广泛的血管充血，血管壁增厚和玻璃样变，蜕膜细胞中有大量糖原，以及含有含铁血黄素的细胞质内含物的巨噬细胞。此外，它们还显示出糖原积累增加和连接区结构紊乱以及异位巨细胞。母体氧化应激状态没有改变。因此，我们的结果表明，糖尿病使怀孕的大鼠更容易受到暴露于香烟烟雾对胎盘形态和胎儿生长的不利影响。
