Damasceno D C, Volpato G T, Sinzato Y K, Lima P H O, Souza M S S, Iessi I L, Kiss A C I, Takaku M, Rudge M V C, Calderon I M P
Univ Estadual Paulista_UNESP, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2011 Oct;119(9):549-53. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1277193. Epub 2011 Jun 10.
Maternal hyperglycemia during early pregnancy is associated with increased risk of abnormalities in the offspring. Malformation rates among the offspring of diabetic mothers are 2-5-fold higher than that of the normal population, and congenital malformations are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the offspring of diabetic mothers. Metabolic changes, such as hyperglycemia and the metabolites obtained from cigarettes both increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the embryo or fetus, causing DNA damage.
To evaluate the maternal and fetal genotoxicity, and to assess the incidence of fetal anomaly in diabetic female rats exposed to cigarette smoke at different stages of pregnancy in rats.
Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin administration and cigarette smoke exposure was produced by a mechanical smoking device that generated mainstream smoke that was delivered into a chamber. Female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to: non-diabetic (ND) and diabetic (D) groups exposed to filtered air; a diabetic group exposed to cigarette smoke prior to and during pregnancy (DS) and a diabetic group only exposed to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy (DSPP). On pregnancy day 21, blood samples were obtained for DNA damage analysis and fetuses were collected for congenital anomaly assessment. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 for all analysis.
Exposure of diabetic rats to tobacco smoke prior to pregnancy increased fetal DNA damage, but failed to induce teratogenicity. Thus, these results reinforce the importance for women to avoid exposure to cigarette smoke long before they become pregnant.
孕早期母体高血糖与子代出现异常的风险增加有关。糖尿病母亲子代的畸形率比正常人群高2至5倍，先天性畸形是糖尿病母亲子代死亡和发病的主要原因。代谢变化，如高血糖和香烟中的代谢产物，都会增加胚胎或胎儿中活性氧（ROS）的产生，导致DNA损伤。
评估母体和胎儿的遗传毒性，并评估孕期不同阶段暴露于香烟烟雾的糖尿病雌性大鼠中胎儿异常的发生率。
通过注射链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病，使用机械吸烟装置产生主流烟雾并将其输送到腔室中来产生香烟烟雾暴露。将雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为：暴露于过滤空气的非糖尿病（ND）组和糖尿病（D）组；孕期及孕前暴露于香烟烟雾的糖尿病组（DS）和仅孕前暴露于香烟烟雾的糖尿病组（DSPP）。在妊娠第21天，采集血样进行DNA损伤分析，并收集胎儿进行先天性异常评估。所有分析的统计学显著性设定为p<0.05。
孕前将糖尿病大鼠暴露于烟草烟雾会增加胎儿DNA损伤，但未诱发致畸性。因此，这些结果强化了女性在怀孕前很久就应避免接触香烟烟雾的重要性。
