Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
PLoS One. 2018 Dec 11;13(12):e0208489. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208489. eCollection 2018.
About 1.25 million people worldwide die every year because of road accidents. Risk is higher when drivers use mobile phones, whereas seat belts help to prevent crash-related injury. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, associated factors, and temporal trend of the use of seat belts and mobile phones among drivers and passengers in Florence, Italy (2005-2015).
Use of seat belts and mobile phones use was monitored via direct observation in four areas in the province of Florence. We fitted Poisson regression models with robust variance to investigate the factors associated with the use of seat belts and mobile phones use by the drivers and to explore long-term trends and seasonal patterns in the two time-series.
We observed a total of an overall 134,775 vehicles: seat belts were worn by 71.8% of drivers and front-seat passengers and 27.6% of back-seat passengers, while mobile phones were being used by 4.8% of drivers. Drivers were more likely to wear seat belt when transporting passengers (≥2 vs none: prevalence ratio [PR] 1.21, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.14-1.29) and while driving in the afternoon (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.05), and less likely when the front-seat passenger was not wearing seat belts (PR 0.33, 95% CI 0.32-0.34). After an initial increase, seat belts use by the driver decreased over time (-0.5% each year during 2010-2015), with significant peaks and troughs in July and January, respectively. Mobile phone use by the driver was inversely associated with wearing seat belts (PR 0.67, 95% CI 0.64-0.70) and carrying passengers (≥2 vs. none PR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.52). The proportion of drivers using mobile phones did not vary over time nor showed any clear seasonality.
Drivers' risky behaviours (not wearing a seat belt and using a mobile phone) are associated, showing a global misperception of risk among a subset of drivers. The number of passengers and their behaviour is also associated with the driver's attitude. The effectiveness of primary enforcement laws has declined in Italy in recent years; therefore, other strategies should be devised and implemented.
全球每年约有 125 万人因道路交通事故死亡。驾驶员使用手机会增加风险，而安全带有助于防止与碰撞相关的伤害。我们旨在评估意大利佛罗伦萨（2005-2015 年）驾驶员和乘客使用安全带和手机的流行率、相关因素和时间趋势。
通过在佛罗伦萨省的四个地区进行直接观察，监测安全带和手机的使用情况。我们使用具有稳健方差的泊松回归模型来研究与驾驶员使用安全带和手机相关的因素，并探讨两个时间序列中的长期趋势和季节性模式。
我们共观察到 134775 辆车：71.8%的驾驶员和前排乘客以及 27.6%的后排乘客系安全带，而 4.8%的驾驶员在开车时使用手机。当驾驶员运送乘客（≥2 人比无人：流行率比 [PR] 1.21，95%置信区间 [CI] 1.14-1.29）和下午开车时（PR 1.04，95%CI 1.03-1.05），更有可能系安全带，而当前排乘客未系安全带时（PR 0.33，95%CI 0.32-0.34），则不太可能系安全带。在最初增加后，驾驶员使用安全带的比例随着时间的推移而减少（2010-2015 年期间每年减少 0.5%），分别在 7 月和 1 月出现明显的高峰和低谷。驾驶员使用手机与系安全带（PR 0.67，95%CI 0.64-0.70）和运送乘客（≥2 人比无人：PR 0.20，95%CI 0.07-0.52）呈负相关。驾驶员使用手机的比例没有随时间变化，也没有明显的季节性。
驾驶员的危险行为（不系安全带和使用手机）相互关联，表明部分驾驶员对风险存在普遍误解。乘客数量及其行为也与驾驶员的态度有关。近年来，意大利主要执法法的效力有所下降；因此，应制定和实施其他战略。
