Klinge Carolyn M
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
Noncoding RNA. 2018 Dec 12;4(4):40. doi: 10.3390/ncrna4040040.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are regulators of intracellular and intercellular signaling in breast cancer. ncRNAs modulate intracellular signaling to control diverse cellular processes, including levels and activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα), proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, and stemness. In addition, ncRNAs can be packaged into exosomes to provide intercellular communication by the transmission of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to cells locally or systemically. This review provides an overview of the biogenesis and roles of ncRNAs: small nucleolar RNA (snRNA), circular RNAs (circRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), miRNAs, and lncRNAs in breast cancer. Since more is known about the miRNAs and lncRNAs that are expressed in breast tumors, their established targets as oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors will be reviewed. The focus is on miRNAs and lncRNAs identified in breast tumors, since a number of ncRNAs identified in breast cancer cells are not dysregulated in breast tumors. The identity and putative function of selected lncRNAs increased: nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (), steroid receptor RNA activator 1 (), colon cancer associated transcript 2 (), colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (), myocardial infarction associated transcript (), and long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, Regulator of Reprogramming (); and decreased levels of maternally-expressed 3 () in breast tumors have been observed as well. miRNAs and lncRNAs are considered targets of therapeutic intervention in breast cancer, but further work is needed to bring the promise of regulating their activities to clinical use.
非编码RNA（ncRNAs）是乳腺癌细胞内和细胞间信号传导的调节因子。ncRNAs调节细胞内信号传导，以控制多种细胞过程，包括雌激素受体α（ERα）的水平和活性、增殖、侵袭、迁移、凋亡和干性。此外，ncRNAs可以被包装到外泌体中，通过将微小RNA（miRNAs）和长链非编码RNA（lncRNAs）局部或全身传递给细胞来提供细胞间通讯。本综述概述了ncRNAs：小核仁RNA（snRNA）、环状RNA（circRNAs）、PIWI相互作用RNA（piRNAs）、miRNAs和lncRNAs在乳腺癌中的生物发生和作用。由于对乳腺肿瘤中表达的miRNAs和lncRNAs了解更多，将对它们作为致癌驱动因子和肿瘤抑制因子的既定靶点进行综述。重点是乳腺肿瘤中鉴定出的miRNAs和lncRNAs，因为在乳腺癌细胞中鉴定出的许多ncRNAs在乳腺肿瘤中并未失调。所选lncRNAs的身份和推定功能增加：核旁斑组装转录本1（）、转移相关肺腺癌转录本1（）、类固醇受体RNA激活剂1（）、结肠癌相关转录本2（）、结直肠肿瘤差异表达（）、心肌梗死相关转录本（）和长链基因间非蛋白质编码RNA，重编程调节因子（）；并且在乳腺肿瘤中也观察到母源表达3（）水平降低。miRNAs和lncRNAs被认为是乳腺癌治疗干预的靶点，但需要进一步的工作将调节其活性的前景应用于临床。
