Enoka R M
Department of Exercise, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Sports Med. 1988 Sep;6(3):146-68. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198806030-00003.
Skeletal muscle undergoes substantial adaptation when it is subjected to a strength training regimen. At one extreme, these effects are manifested as profound morphological changes, such as those exemplified by bodybuilders. However, it is possible to increase strength without any change in muscle size. This dissociation underscores the notion that strength is not solely a property of muscle but rather it is a property of the motor system. The nervous system seems to be of paramount importance for the expression and development of strength. Indeed, it is probable that increases in strength can be achieved without morphological changes in muscle but not without neural adaptations. This review focuses on the role of the nervous system in the development of strength. In the strength literature, 3 topics exemplify the importance of the nervous system in strength development. These 3 topics are considered in detail in the review: electromyostimulation, cross-training effects, and EMG-force relationships. Evidence is presented from several different paradigms emphasising the significant contribution of neural mechanisms to the gains in strength with short term training. Although little is known about the specific neural mechanisms associated with strength training adaptations, the literature emphasises that the measure of human performance known as strength can be influenced by a variety of neurophysiological processes.
当骨骼肌接受力量训练方案时，会发生显著的适应性变化。在一种极端情况下，这些影响表现为深刻的形态学改变，比如健美运动员所展现出的那种变化。然而，在肌肉大小没有任何改变的情况下也有可能增强力量。这种脱节现象突出了这样一种观念，即力量并非仅仅是肌肉的一种属性，而是运动系统的一种属性。神经系统似乎对力量的表现和发展至关重要。事实上，有可能在肌肉没有形态学改变的情况下实现力量的增加，但没有神经适应性改变则不太可能。本综述聚焦于神经系统在力量发展中的作用。在力量领域的文献中，有3个主题例证了神经系统在力量发展中的重要性。本综述将详细探讨这3个主题：肌电刺激、交叉训练效应以及肌电图与力量的关系。文中呈现了来自几种不同范式的证据，强调了神经机制对短期训练中力量增长的重大贡献。尽管对于与力量训练适应性相关的具体神经机制知之甚少，但文献强调，被称为力量的人类表现指标会受到多种神经生理过程的影响。
