Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK.
Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK.
Addiction. 2019 Mar;114(3):523-533. doi: 10.1111/add.14488. Epub 2018 Dec 16.
Tobacco companies claimed that standardized packaging, phased in/introduced May 2016-May 2017, would reduce prices and increase consumption. We: (1) describe changes in price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram during, and after, the introduction of standardized packaging; (2) describe price changes by cigarette price segment; and (3) analyse price changes by stage of implementation.
An observational study, using electronic point-of-sale data, monitored price trends in three periods: (1) May-September 2016, start of transition period; (2) October 2016-May 2017, when fully branded and standardized products were sold and duty escalators implemented; and (3) June-October 2017, when standardized packaging was mandatory.
United Kingdom.
Small retailers (n = 500) stratified by region and deprivation. Data were monitored for 20 leading fully branded tobacco products [15 factory-made cigarettes (FMC), 5 roll-your-own (RYO)] and their standardized equivalents.
Price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram, based on monthly average Recommended Retail Price (RRP) and actual sale price, adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Pricing Index (CPIH). Net changes (£GBP, %) were analysed by product type (FMC versus RYO) and FMC price segment (value, mid-price, premium).
Between May 2016 and October 2017, the average inflation-adjusted RRP/price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram increased for FMC (all price segments) and RYO. For example, sales price-per-cigarette increased +4.64%, with the largest increases for value (+6.81%), premium (+5.32%) and mid-price FMCs (+3.30%). Net sales price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram increases were largest in period 2, when fully branded and standardized products were sold and duty escalators were implemented (FMC = +4.70%; RYO = +3.75%). There were small decreases in sales price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram once standardized packaging became mandatory (FMC = -1.14%; RYO = -0.88%).
In the United Kingdom, the price of leading roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette brands sold by small retailers increased as standardized packaging was phased in, with increases larger than expected through duty escalation.
烟草公司声称，从 2016 年 5 月至 2017 年 5 月逐步实施的标准化包装将降低价格并增加消费。我们：（1）描述在引入标准化包装期间和之后，每支香烟和每克香烟价格的变化；（2）按香烟价格段描述价格变化；（3）分析实施阶段的价格变化。
这是一项观察性研究，使用电子销售点数据监测了三个时期的价格趋势：（1）2016 年 5 月至 9 月，过渡时期开始；（2）2016 年 10 月至 2017 年 5 月，当时销售完全品牌化和标准化产品并实施了关税升级；（3）2017 年 6 月至 10 月，当时标准化包装是强制性的。
英国。
按地区和贫困程度分层的小零售商（n=500）。监测了 20 种领先的全品牌烟草产品[15 种工厂制造香烟（FMC），5 种自卷烟（RYO）]及其标准化产品。
根据每月平均建议零售价（RRP）和实际销售价格，以每支香烟和每克香烟的价格为基础，基于消费者价格指数（CPIH）进行通货膨胀调整。产品类型（FMC 与 RYO）和 FMC 价格段（价值、中等价格、溢价）分析净变化（英镑，%）。
在 2016 年 5 月至 2017 年 10 月期间，FMC（所有价格段）和 RYO 的平均通胀调整后 RRP/每支香烟和每克香烟价格均有所上涨。例如，销售价格每支香烟上涨了+4.64%，其中价值（+6.81%）、溢价（+5.32%）和中等价格 FMC（+3.30%）的涨幅最大。当完全品牌化和标准化产品上市且关税升级实施时（FMC=+4.70%；RYO=+3.75%），净销售价格每支香烟和每克香烟的涨幅最大。一旦标准化包装成为强制性要求，销售价格每支香烟和每克香烟的价格就会略有下降（FMC=-1.14%；RYO=-0.88%）。
在英国，随着标准化包装的逐步实施，小零售商销售的领先自卷烟和工厂制造香烟品牌的价格上涨，涨幅高于通过关税升级所预期的涨幅。
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