Nourkova Veronika V, Gofman Alena A, Kozlov Mikhail D
Department of General Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Luisenklinik, Department of Psychology, Bad Duerrheim, Germany.
Eur J Psychol. 2018 Nov 30;14(4):776-791. doi: 10.5964/ejop.v14i4.1606. eCollection 2018 Nov.
While such factors as demand characteristics, encoding, and retrieval inhibition were shown to be significant in producing the directed forgetting effect, no attention was paid to whether the intention to manage one's own memory, per se, matters. In the present article, we addressed this important gap in the literature. To control the quality of encoding we ensured that both the to-be-remembered (TBR) and to-be-forgotten (TBF) items were genuinely learned before the manipulation. We used extremely long delays between the memory instructions and testing to release inhibition associated with the content of instructions. 98 participants demonstrated flawless recall of 12 Russian - made up language word pairs. They then viewed each Russian word from a pair once, with randomized instructions "Forget", "Remember", "Repeat", or a short cognitive task. Self-reports on the mnemonic strategies were collected. Free recall and recognition tests were administered three times - 45 minutes, a month and a year (N = 58) later. Despite a strong incentive to recall all word pairs, fewer TBF pairs were recalled in comparison with TBR pairs, both after 45 minutes and after one month's delay. Recognition among all conditions was equally high. A year later free recall was close to zero. In contrast, the TBR and TBF pairs were recognized equally better than pairs presented in "Repeat" and "Task" conditions. Thus, our results show that the intention to manage one's own memory enhances the accessibility of memories at a very long time delay, no matter what type of instruction is issued.
虽然诸如需求特征、编码和检索抑制等因素在产生定向遗忘效应方面被证明是显著的，但对于个体管理自身记忆的意图本身是否重要却未予以关注。在本文中，我们填补了文献中的这一重要空白。为了控制编码质量，我们确保在进行操作之前，待记忆（TBR）和待遗忘（TBF）项目都真正被学习过。我们在记忆指令和测试之间使用了极长的延迟时间，以消除与指令内容相关的抑制作用。98名参与者完美回忆出了12对俄罗斯人造语言单词对。然后，他们依次查看每对单词中的每个俄语单词，并随机给出“忘记”“记住”“重复”或一项简短认知任务的指令。我们收集了关于记忆策略的自我报告。自由回忆和识别测试进行了三次——分别在45分钟后、一个月后和一年后（N = 58）。尽管有强烈的动机去回忆所有单词对，但与TBR对相比，无论是在45分钟后还是在延迟一个月后，TBF对被回忆起的数量都更少。所有条件下的识别率都同样高。一年后，自由回忆率几乎为零。相比之下，TBR对和TBF对的识别效果都明显优于“重复”和“任务”条件下呈现的单词对。因此，我们的结果表明，无论发出何种类型的指令，个体管理自身记忆的意图在极长的延迟时间后都会提高记忆的可及性。
