Dieterich Walburga, Schink Monic, Zopf Yurdagül
Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Hector Center of Excellence for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Med Sci (Basel). 2018 Dec 14;6(4):116. doi: 10.3390/medsci6040116.
Gut microbiota are permanent residents of humans with the highest concentrations being found in human colon. Humans get the first contact with bacteria at delivery, and microbiota are subject of permanent change during the life. The individual microbiota pattern is highly variable and varying environmental conditions, e.g., diets, antigen exposure, infections, or medication, as well as genetics, age, or hygiene factors, strongly influence the bacterial community. A fine interaction between the host and microbiota determines the outcome of health or disease. The gut immune system is constantly challenged to distinguish between commensal non-invasive bacteria and potential pathogens. Goblet cells produce mucins that prevent most gut bacteria from penetrating through intestinal epithelial barrier, and Paneth cells are the main supplier of anti-microbial defensins. Gut epithelial and immune cells recognize bacteria via surface markers and they initiate an adequate immune answer. A dysbiosis is noticed in several diseases, but the crucial role in pathogenesis has to be proven. Prebiotics or probiotics are discussed as valuable tools to preserve or restore a healthy gut community.
肠道微生物群是人类的常住菌群，在人类结肠中浓度最高。人类在分娩时首次接触细菌，微生物群在生命过程中会不断变化。个体的微生物群模式高度可变，不同的环境条件，如饮食、抗原暴露、感染或药物治疗，以及遗传、年龄或卫生因素，都会强烈影响细菌群落。宿主与微生物群之间的良好相互作用决定了健康或疾病的结果。肠道免疫系统不断面临区分共生非侵袭性细菌和潜在病原体的挑战。杯状细胞产生粘蛋白，可防止大多数肠道细菌穿透肠道上皮屏障，潘氏细胞是抗菌防御素的主要供应者。肠道上皮细胞和免疫细胞通过表面标志物识别细菌，并引发适当的免疫反应。在几种疾病中都发现了生态失调，但在发病机制中的关键作用还有待证实。益生元或益生菌被认为是维持或恢复健康肠道群落的有价值工具。
