Cloninger C R, Sigvardsson S, Bohman M
Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry, University of Umea, Sweden.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1988 Aug;12(4):494-505. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00232.x.
431 children (233 boys, 198 girls) born in Stockholm, Sweden, had a detailed behavioral assessment at 11 years of age, including a detailed interview with their school teachers, and at age 27 years were reevaluated to identify alcoholism or alcohol abuse. Specific predictions from a neurobiological learning theory about the role of heritable personality traits in susceptibility to alcohol abuse were tested in this prospective longitudinal study. Three dimensions of childhood personality variation were identified and rated without knowledge of adult outcome. These three dimensions (novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence) were largely uncorrelated with one another, and each was predictive of later alcohol abuse. Absolute deviations from the mean of each of the three personality dimensions were associated with an exponential increase in the risk of later alcohol abuse. High novelty-seeking and low harm avoidance were most strongly predictive of early-onset alcohol abuse. These two childhood variables alone distinguished boys who had nearly 20-fold differences in their risk of alcohol abuse: the risk of alcohol abuse varied from 4 to 75% depending on childhood personality.
431名在瑞典斯德哥尔摩出生的儿童（233名男孩，198名女孩）在11岁时接受了详细的行为评估，包括与他们的学校老师进行详细面谈，并且在27岁时再次接受评估以确定是否患有酒精中毒或酒精滥用。在这项前瞻性纵向研究中，对一种神经生物学学习理论关于遗传性格特征在酒精滥用易感性中作用的具体预测进行了检验。在不知道成人结局的情况下，确定并评定了儿童期性格变异的三个维度。这三个维度（寻求新奇、避免伤害和奖赏依赖）在很大程度上彼此不相关，并且每个维度都能预测后来的酒精滥用。三个性格维度中每个维度与均值的绝对偏差都与后来酒精滥用风险的指数增加相关。高寻求新奇和低避免伤害对早发性酒精滥用的预测性最强。仅这两个儿童期变量就区分出了酒精滥用风险相差近20倍的男孩：酒精滥用风险根据儿童期性格从4%到75%不等。
