Díez María José, De la Rosa Lucía, Martín Isaura, Guasch Luís, Cartea María Elena, Mallor Cristina, Casals Joan, Simó Joan, Rivera Ana, Anastasio German, Prohens Jaime, Soler Salvador, Blanca José, Valcárcel José Vicente, Casañas Francesc
Mixed Unity for the Valorization and Breeding of Horticultural Landraces, Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
Spanish Plant Genetic Resources National Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
Front Plant Sci. 2018 Dec 4;9:1794. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01794. eCollection 2018.
Genebanks were created by the middle of the twentieth century to preserve cultivated biodiversity when landraces began to be substituted by modern varieties. This move was generally accepted as a necessary step to safeguard the future. After about 75 years of collecting and maintaining genetic resources, the increasing ability of biotechnology to create new variability brings the roles of genebanks in the present and near future into question. As a continuation of several workshops that started in 2014, staff of some representative genebanks have met to discuss how the Spanish Plant Genetic Resources Network can be improved, identifying the following major shortcomings: lack of efficient coordination in the distribution of species among genebanks; too many genebanks; existence of detected and undetected duplicates; insufficient rate of regeneration; insufficient phenotyping, genotyping, and epiphenotyping; unsatisfactory rate of use by end users; and, insufficient funding. As a considerable increase in public funding is unlikely, we propose some strategies to increase the efficiency of the system. The most urgent tasks are to strengthen the rationalization of the network by establishing a clear hierarchy and functions, to improve the information in the base collection by deep characterization including not only phenotypes but also uses and utilities, to progressively replace the active collections with focused core collections constructed to meet users' needs, to optimize regeneration protocols, to limit new collecting expeditions of Spanish crop wild relatives to those growing in threatened habitats, and to develop user-friendly platforms to access germplasm documentation, including a unified system of descriptors and classification categories. Current advances in biotechnology, and especially those in gene editing will have without doubt an impact on the role of genebanks. However, the high number of genes and gene combinations created by evolution they hold cannot be produced by these techniques at present. So, these reservoirs of variability will continue to be indispensable for the near-medium future while the function of all the genes is unveiled. In turn, biotechnologies and gene editing will allow us to take advantage of the information held in genebanks in a more efficient and fast way, contributing to a better rationalization and functioning.
基因库创建于20世纪中叶，目的是在地方品种开始被现代品种取代时保护栽培生物多样性。这一举措被普遍认为是保障未来的必要步骤。在经过约75年的遗传资源收集和保存之后，生物技术创造新变异的能力不断增强，这使得基因库在当前和不久将来的作用受到质疑。作为始于2014年的几次研讨会的延续，一些代表性基因库的工作人员齐聚一堂，讨论如何改进西班牙植物遗传资源网络，确定了以下主要缺点：基因库之间物种分配缺乏有效协调；基因库数量过多；存在已检测到和未检测到的重复品；再生率不足；表型分析、基因分型和表观表型分析不足；终端用户的使用率不尽人意；以及资金不足。由于公共资金大幅增加的可能性不大，我们提出了一些提高系统效率的策略。最紧迫的任务是通过建立明确的层级和职能来加强网络的合理化，通过深度表征（不仅包括表型，还包括用途和效用）来完善基础收集品中的信息，逐步用为满足用户需求而构建的重点核心收集品取代活跃收集品，优化再生方案，将西班牙作物野生近缘种的新采集考察限制在生长于受威胁栖息地的物种上，并开发便于用户使用的平台以获取种质文献，包括统一的描述符和分类类别系统。生物技术的当前进展，尤其是基因编辑方面的进展，无疑将对基因库的作用产生影响。然而，它们所保存的由进化产生的大量基因和基因组合目前无法通过这些技术产生。因此，在所有基因的功能被揭示之前，这些变异库在近期到中期仍将不可或缺。反过来，生物技术和基因编辑将使我们能够以更高效、快速的方式利用基因库中保存的信息，有助于实现更好的合理化和运作。
