PCP-dependent transcellular regulation of actomyosin oscillation facilitates convergent extension of vertebrate tissue.

Oscillatory flows of actomyosin play a key role in the migration of single cells in culture and in collective cell movements in Drosophila embryos. In vertebrate embryos undergoing convergent extension (CE), the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway drives the elongation of the body axis and shapes the central nervous system, and mutations of the PCP genes predispose humans to various malformations including neural tube defects. However, the spatiotemporal patterns of oscillatory actomyosin contractions during vertebrate CE and how they are controlled by the PCP signaling remain unknown. Here, we address these outstanding issues using a combination of in vivo imaging and mathematical modeling. We find that effective execution of CE requires alternative oscillations of cortical actomyosin across cell membranes of neighboring cells within an optimal frequency range. Intriguingly, temporal and spatial clustering of the core PCP protein Prickle 2 (Pk2) is correlated to submembranous accumulations of F-actin, and depletion of Pk2 perturbs the oscillation of actomyosin contractions. These findings shed light on the significance of temporal regulation of actomyosin contraction by the PCP pathway during CE, in addition to its well-studied spatial aspects.