Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102 Brisbane, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 25;658:947-957. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.167. Epub 2018 Dec 14.
In this study, 24-hour composite wastewater samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant of New Zealand with parallel secondary treatment units. The aim was to investigate the occurrence, removal, and consumption of 13 drugs of abuse (DOAs) including illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and their metabolites. The filtered samples were analysed through direct injection on LC-MS/MS. Ethyl sulfate, one of the major metabolites of alcohol, was detected at the highest concentration (mean = 8300 ng/L) in wastewater influent. The mean concentrations of methamphetamine and hydroxycotinine in the influent were found to be 935 ng/L and 5000 ng/L, respectively. Amphetamine (383 ng/L) and cocaine (286 ng/L) were detected at the highest concentrations in the effluent. The removal efficiency of the treatment plant varied for DOAs: >99% for morphine, ethyl sulfate, and hydroxycotinine and <50% for methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). Primary treatment did not show any significant removal of DOAs while the removal efficiencies of total monitored DOAs by Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) and Bardenpho processes were found to be similar (~95% removal). The population was estimated using hydrochemical parameters and human urine biomarkers and showed good agreement with wastewater treatment plant's estimates. Weekday-weekend variation in the consumption of alcohol and methamphetamine was found to be significant, with a higher estimated consumption during the weekends. Monitored DOAs in influent were present at highest concentrations during summer (23 μg/L), at low concentrations during winter (17 μg/L), and at lowest concentrations during heavy rainfall event (11 μg/L), possibly due to dilution. The population normalised mass loads of DOAs were found to correlate with their metabolites, and morphine was found to correlate with nicotine metabolites.
在这项研究中，从新西兰一家具有平行二级处理单元的废水处理厂采集了 24 小时综合废水样本。目的是研究包括非法药物、酒精、尼古丁及其代谢物在内的 13 种滥用药物（DOAs）的发生、去除和消耗情况。过滤后的样品通过 LC-MS/MS 直接进样进行分析。在废水进水样中，酒精的主要代谢物之一乙基硫酸盐的浓度最高（平均值为 8300ng/L）。进水样中甲基苯丙胺和羟基可替宁的平均浓度分别为 935ng/L 和 5000ng/L。在出水样中，安非他命（383ng/L）和可卡因（286ng/L）的浓度最高。该处理厂对 DOAs 的去除效率各不相同：>99%的吗啡、乙基硫酸盐和羟基可替宁，<50%的美沙酮和 2-亚乙基-1,5-二甲基-3,3-二苯基吡咯烷（EDDP）。原处理过程对 DOAs 没有明显的去除效果，而膜生物反应器（MBR）和巴登菲过程对总监测 DOAs 的去除效率相似（去除率约为 95%）。通过水化学参数和人类尿液生物标志物估算了人口数量，与废水处理厂的估算结果吻合较好。发现酒精和甲基苯丙胺的消耗在工作日和周末之间存在显著差异，周末的估计消耗量较高。进水样中监测到的 DOAs 在夏季（23μg/L）浓度最高，冬季（17μg/L）浓度最低，强降雨事件（11μg/L）浓度最低，可能是由于稀释作用。发现 DOAs 的人群归一化质量负荷与它们的代谢物相关，而吗啡与尼古丁代谢物相关。
