Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2229 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019 Jun;47(6):1001-1012. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0506-7.
Community violence exposure and harsh parenting have been linked to maladaptive outcomes, possibly via their effects on social cognition. The Social Information Processing (SIP) model has been used to study distinct socio-cognitive processes, demonstrating links between community violence exposure, harsh parenting, and maladaptive SIP. Though much of this research assumes these associations are causal, genetic confounds have made this assumption difficult to rigorously test. Comparisons of discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins provide one empirical test of possible causality, as differences between MZ twins must be environmental in origin. The present study examined effects of parenting and community violence exposure on SIP - specifically aggressive and avoidant social goals - in a sample of 426 MZ twin dyads (N = 852 twins, 48% female). Phenotypically, we found that lower positive parenting and greater harsh parenting were associated with greater endorsement of dominance and revenge goals. We also found that indirect and direct community violence exposure was associated with greater endorsement of avoidance goals. Using an MZ difference design, we found that the relationships between lower levels of positive parenting and endorsement of dominance and revenge goals were due, in part, to environmental processes. Moreover, the relationships between the impact of indirect and direct community violence exposure and avoidance goals, as well as between the impact of indirect community violence exposure and revenge goals, appeared to be due to non-shared environmental processes. Our results establish social and contextual experiences as important environmental influences on children's social goals, which may increase risk for later psychopathology.
社区暴力暴露和严厉的育儿方式与适应不良的结果有关，可能是通过它们对社会认知的影响。社会信息处理（SIP）模型被用于研究不同的社会认知过程，表明社区暴力暴露、严厉的育儿方式和适应不良的 SIP 之间存在联系。尽管这项研究大多假设这些关联是因果关系，但遗传混淆使得严格检验这一假设变得困难。同卵双胞胎（MZ）的不和谐比较提供了因果关系的一种实证检验，因为 MZ 双胞胎之间的差异必须是环境引起的。本研究在一个由 426 对 MZ 双胞胎（N=852 对双胞胎，48%为女性）组成的样本中，研究了育儿方式和社区暴力暴露对 SIP 的影响——特别是攻击性和回避性社会目标。表型上，我们发现积极的育儿方式较低和严厉的育儿方式与更大的支配和报复目标的认可有关。我们还发现间接和直接的社区暴力暴露与更大的回避目标的认可有关。使用 MZ 差异设计，我们发现积极的育儿方式与支配和报复目标的认可之间的关系，以及间接和直接的社区暴力暴露与回避目标之间的关系，以及间接的社区暴力暴露与报复目标之间的关系，部分是由于环境过程。我们的研究结果确立了社会和环境经验是儿童社会目标的重要环境影响因素，这可能会增加以后患精神病理学的风险。
