IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Spain.
Grupo IDEA, EPS Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares 23700, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2019 Mar;218:1014-1030. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.205. Epub 2018 Nov 30.
The lack of access to safe drinking water is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Despite the collective global effort that has been made, the drinking water sources of at least 2 billion people are faecally contaminated, resulting in more than half a million diarrhoeal deaths each year, with the majority occurring in developing countries. Technologies for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in water are therefore of great significance for human health and well-being. However, conventional technologies to provide drinking water, although effective, present limitations that impede their global application. These treatment methods often have high energy and chemical demands, which limits their application for the prevention of waterborne diseases in the most vulnerable regions. These shortcomings have led to rapid research and development of advanced alternative technologies. One of these alternative methods is solar disinfection, which is recognised by the World Health Organization as one of the most appropriate methods for producing drinkable water in developing countries. This study reviews conventional technologies that are being applied at medium to large scales to purify water and emerging technologies currently in development. In addition, this paper describes the merits, demerits, and limitations of these technologies. Finally, the review focuses on solar disinfection, including a novel technology recently developed in this field.
在 21 世纪，人类面临的最大挑战之一是缺乏安全饮用水。尽管全球已经做出了共同努力，但仍有至少 20 亿人的饮用水源受到粪便污染，导致每年有超过 50 万人死于腹泻，其中大多数发生在发展中国家。因此，用于水中致病微生物灭活的技术对于人类健康和福祉具有重要意义。然而，传统的饮用水提供技术虽然有效，但存在限制，阻碍了它们在全球的应用。这些处理方法通常需要大量的能源和化学品，这限制了它们在最脆弱地区预防水传播疾病的应用。这些缺点促使人们迅速研究和开发先进的替代技术。其中一种替代方法是太阳能消毒，世界卫生组织已将其确认为发展中国家生产饮用水的最适宜方法之一。本研究回顾了目前正在中大规模应用的传统水净化技术和新兴技术。此外，本文还介绍了这些技术的优缺点和局限性。最后，本综述重点介绍了太阳能消毒，包括该领域最近开发的一项新技术。
