School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; Taiyuan Monitoring Station of National Urban Water Quality Monitoring Network, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030009, China.
School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Apr 30;171:274-280. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.090. Epub 2019 Jan 3.
There is a concern about the increasing prevalence of health problems related to the ingestion of fluoride (F) in the developing world. Drinking water is one important source of F, and the concentration of F needs to be known to ensure the safety of drinking water. In this study, F levels in drinking water were investigated across Taiyuan in Shanxi Province, China. Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and potential associated health risks were analyzed using GIS. We collected 485 samples from shallow wells without any defluoridation treatments between 2008 and 2016. After analyzing the samples of F content we found that mean F levels of urban areas (0.61 ± 0.39 mg L), suburban areas (0.70 ± 0.87 mg L) and for all of Taiyuan city (0.63 ± 0.56 mg L) were in optimum range based on the recommendation by USEPA. However, individual locations within industrial areas (e.g. Gujiao District) had higher F levels (1.06 mg L). A concerning result showed that 12.37% of tested locations had F concentrations larger than 1.0 mg L. We calculated F Health Risk Indices (HRIs) and found that highest were associated with suburban areas, especially in the year 2009 and 2010. However, from 2008 to 2016, overall F levels and HRIs of the sampled groundwater in Taiyuan City showed a decreasing trend. HRIs in suburban areas was higher than urban areas, possible due to the heavily prevalent coal mining industry in those areas. Specific policies should be formulated to address HRIs.
人们担心在发展中国家，与摄入氟化物（F）有关的健康问题日益增多。饮用水是 F 的一个重要来源，需要知道 F 的浓度以确保饮用水的安全。在这项研究中，我们调查了中国山西省太原市的饮用水中 F 水平。使用 GIS 分析了时空分布特征和潜在的相关健康风险。我们于 2008 年至 2016 年间从没有任何除氟处理的浅层井中采集了 485 个样本。在分析 F 含量样本后，我们发现市区（0.61±0.39mg/L）、郊区（0.70±0.87mg/L）和整个太原市（0.63±0.56mg/L）的平均 F 水平均处于美国环保署推荐的最佳范围。然而，工业区内的个别地点（如古交区）的 F 水平较高（1.06mg/L）。一个令人担忧的结果表明，有 12.37%的测试地点的 F 浓度大于 1.0mg/L。我们计算了 F 健康风险指数（HRIs），发现郊区的 HRIs最高，尤其是在 2009 年和 2010 年。然而，从 2008 年到 2016 年，太原市采样地下水的总体 F 水平和 HRIs呈下降趋势。郊区的 HRIs高于市区，可能是由于该地区煤炭开采业普遍存在。应该制定具体政策来解决 HRIs 问题。
