Engel Robyn M, Thomas Marvin L, Banks Ron E
Office of Research Services, Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019 Mar 1;58(2):223-230. doi: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000068. Epub 2019 Jan 10.
Regional anesthesia is a commonly used adjunct to orofacial dental and surgical procedures in companion animals and humans. However, appropriate techniques for anesthetizing branches of the mandibular and maxillary nerves have not been described for rhesus monkeys. Skulls of 3 adult rhesus monkeys were examined to identify relevant foramina, establish appropriate landmarks for injection, and estimate injection angles and depth. Cadaver heads of 7 adult rhesus monkeys (4 male, 3 female) were then injected with thiazine dye to demonstrate correct placement of solution to immerse specific branches of the mandibular and maxillary nerves. Different volumes of dye were injected on each side of each head to visualize area of diffusion, and to estimate the minimum volume needed to saturate the area of interest. After injection, the heads were dissected to expose the relevant nerves and skull foramina. We describe techniques for blocking the maxillary nerve as well as its branches: the greater palatine nerve, nasopalatine nerve, and infraorbital nerve. We also describe techniques for blocking branches of the mandibular nerve: inferior alveolar nerve, mental (or incisive) nerve, lingual nerve, and long buccal nerve. Local anesthesia for the mandibular and maxillary nerves can be accomplished in rhesus macaques and is a practical and efficient way to maximize animal welfare during potentially painful orofacial procedures.
区域麻醉是伴侣动物和人类口腔颌面牙科及外科手术中常用的辅助手段。然而，尚未有针对恒河猴麻醉下颌神经和上颌神经分支的合适技术的描述。对3只成年恒河猴的头骨进行检查，以确定相关孔道，建立合适的注射标志，并估计注射角度和深度。然后，对7只成年恒河猴（4只雄性，3只雌性）的尸体头部注射噻嗪染料，以证明溶液的正确注射位置，从而浸润下颌神经和上颌神经的特定分支。在每个头部的每一侧注射不同体积的染料，以观察扩散区域，并估计使感兴趣区域饱和所需的最小体积。注射后，对头部分解以暴露相关神经和颅骨孔道。我们描述了阻滞上颌神经及其分支（腭大神经、鼻腭神经和眶下神经）的技术。我们还描述了阻滞下颌神经分支（下牙槽神经、颏（或切牙）神经、舌神经和颊长神经）的技术。恒河猴下颌神经和上颌神经的局部麻醉是可行的，并且是在潜在的痛苦口腔颌面手术中最大化动物福利的实用且有效的方法。
