Gardner Murray B, Luciw Paul A
Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
ILAR J. 2008;49(2):220-55. doi: 10.1093/ilar.49.2.220.
Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents-bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.
猕猴已被用作70多种不同病因的人类传染病的模型，这些病因包括多种病原体——细菌、病毒、真菌、寄生虫、朊病毒。在猕猴身上建立模型的人类传染病种类繁多，包括全球性疾病、儿童疾病和热带疾病，以及新出现的疾病、性传播疾病、致癌疾病、退行性神经疾病、潜在的生物恐怖主义疾病和其他各类疾病。历史上，猕猴在确定黄热病、脊髓灰质炎和朊病毒疾病的病因方面发挥了重要作用。除了极少数例外情况（恰加斯病、巴尔通体病），本综述中所有的传染病都起源于旧世界。也许最令人惊讶的是，在猕猴身上建立模型的热带疾病（16种）、新出现的疾病（7种）和生物恐怖主义疾病（9种）数量众多。这些人类疾病中的许多（如艾滋病、戊型肝炎、巴尔通体病）都是人畜共患感染的结果。然而，某些疾病的病原体，包括麻疹和结核病，有时可以双向传播，因此几种人类病原体对包括猕猴在内的非人灵长类动物构成威胁。通过对猕猴的实验研究，研究人员深入了解了许多人类传染病的致病机制以及新的治疗和疫苗方法，最显著的是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染引起的获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）。猕猴在生物医学研究，尤其是疫苗学方面具有独特价值的其他传染病病原体包括流感病毒、副粘病毒、黄病毒、沙粒病毒、戊型肝炎病毒、乳头瘤病毒、天花病毒、分枝杆菌、炭疽芽孢杆菌、幽门螺杆菌、鼠疫耶尔森菌和疟原虫属。本综述总结了过去和现在关于人类传染病猕猴模型的广泛研究。
