School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jan 9;16(2):181. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16020181.
The first two years of life is a period of rapid growth and development. During this time a lack of key nutrients, including iron, can have long-lasting effects on motor and cognitive performance. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine intake and sources of iron in a cohort of 828 toddlers (mean age; 13.1 mo) participating in the Adelaide-based Study of Mothers' and Infants' Life Events affecting oral health (SMILE), and to identify determinants of iron intake. At approximately 12 months of age, 3 non-consecutive days of dietary intake data were collected using a 24-h recall and 2-days food record. The Multiple Source Method was used to combine data from the 24-h recall and each day of the food record to estimate usual iron intake and descriptive statistics were used to report sources of iron. Linear regression was used to identify associations between iron intake and non-dietary determinants (maternal age, education, country of birth, BMI, socioeconomic position, parity, toddler sex) and primary milk feeding method at 12 months. The mean intake of iron was 7.0 (95% CI 6.7⁻7.2) mg/day and 18.2% of children had usual intakes below the estimated average requirement of 4 mg/day. The main sources of iron included infant and toddler cereals and formulas. Milk feeding method and parity were significantly associated with iron intake. Toddlers with siblings and those who received breast milk as their primary milk feed had significantly lower iron intakes than only children and those who received formula, respectively. The Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines promote the importance of iron-iron-rich complementary foods such as meat and meat alternatives. However, low intakes of this food group suggest that parents do not recognize the importance of these foods or understand the specific foods that toddlers should be eating.
生命的头两年是快速生长和发育的时期。在此期间，缺乏包括铁在内的关键营养素会对运动和认知表现产生持久影响。本横断面研究的目的是确定参与阿德莱德母婴生活事件影响口腔健康研究（SMILE）的 828 名幼儿（平均年龄 13.1 个月）队列的铁摄入量和来源，并确定铁摄入量的决定因素。大约在 12 个月大时，使用 24 小时回忆和 2 天食物记录收集了 3 天非连续的饮食摄入数据。使用多源法将 24 小时回忆和食物记录的每一天的数据结合起来，估计常规铁摄入量，并使用描述性统计数据报告铁的来源。线性回归用于确定铁摄入量与非饮食决定因素（母亲年龄、教育程度、出生国家、BMI、社会经济地位、产次、幼儿性别）以及 12 个月时的主要牛奶喂养方式之间的关联。铁的平均摄入量为 7.0（95%CI 6.7-7.2）mg/天，18.2%的儿童铁摄入量低于估计的 4mg/天的平均需求量。铁的主要来源包括婴儿和幼儿谷物和配方奶粉。喂养方式和产次与铁摄入量显著相关。有兄弟姐妹的幼儿和主要接受母乳作为主要牛奶喂养的幼儿的铁摄入量明显低于独生子和主要接受配方奶粉的幼儿。澳大利亚婴儿喂养指南强调了铁-富含铁的补充食物（如肉类和肉类替代品）的重要性。然而，该食物组的摄入量较低表明，父母没有认识到这些食物的重要性，或者不了解幼儿应该食用的具体食物。
